1.2. Discuss the following with your partner:

What do you think is the best way to influence children’s behavior? Explain it.

punishment reward combination of both other

1.3. Match the words with the definitions:

1. influence A. working or acting together for a common purpose

2. version B. a method of organizing by following rules or a plan

3. physical C. the ability to think or learn with the mind

4. mental D. to have an effect on smb or smth, to cause change

5. system E. the form with different details than earlier or later forms

6. dilemma F. unit of scoring in some games, sports and competition

7. common G. situation one has to choose between 2 things, courses

8. cooperation H. action, equally undesirable, difficult choice

9. point I. punishment, spank

10. intelligence J. usual, same for all

1.4. Which of the idioms on the left refer to the right?

1) The front runner	a. сыграть против себя
2) Hands down	b. быть неровней, в неравной ситуации
3) Score an own goal	c. иметь союзников
4) Out of someone’s league	d. легкая, безоговорочная победа
5) Have someone in your corner	i. самый вероятный победитель
6) А whole new ball game	f. вот сейчас совсем другое дело

1.5. Read the text: Punishment or Reward?

1. Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

2. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

3. They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.

4. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

5. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups as well. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

6. The study says the IQs, or intelligence quotients, of the younger children who were not spanked were 5 points higher than those who were. In the older group the difference was almost 3 points.

7. Professor says the more the children are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.