6. Fluidity means minimal bureaucracy

6.1. Words to remember:

inevitable	неизбежный
avert	отвращать
hinder	препятствовать
technology adoption investment	вложения в технологии
perpetuation	увековечивание, незыблемость
status quo	межд. право, положение в стране
determinant	мат. детерминант
crucially	и вдруг, сокрушающе
stifle	подавлять
constraint	граница допустимого
rigorous	чёткий, точный, жёсткий

6.2. Match the words with the definitions:

1. perpetuation	A. act of preserving from extinction
2. stifle	B. set back the company, slow it down and make frustrated
3. inevitable	С. going to happen no matter what one might do to stop it.
4. status quo	D. the state of affairs that exists at a particular time
5. constraint	E. something that limits or controls what you can do.
6. hinder	F. block, check, control, crush, damp, extinguish
7. avert	G. prevent, something unpleasant from happening.
8. determinant	H. something scrupulously accurate, exact, strict
9. rigorous	I. it causes something to be of a particular kind or to happen in a particular way.

6.3. Give the translation analysis of sentences with the indication of receptions and variants of translation into Russian.

1. Organizationally, fluidity means minimal bureaucracy.

2. Firm bureaucratic structure can increase the “technology adoption investment”.

3. Successful businesses often change plans as conditions change.

4. Yet now there is growing demand for farm products grown close to the cities

5. Americans are moving away from the major cities to smaller cities. There is a trend toward “deurbanization”.

6. The input and output market in Ethiopia is characterized by inefficiency and hence needs.

7. These costs are particularly problematic if labour prices are highly variable or subject to large seasonal fluctuations. (arise)

6.4. Read the text:

Organizationally, fluidity means minimal bureaucracy. Natural Law and the Theory of Economic System Fluidity provides the theoretical basis for allowing the strengths of each economic system to peacefully work together to achieve this end and examines both the natural laws which govern economics as well as the moral basis for the existence of the nation state. Though necessary and perhaps inevitable to some degree, bureaucracy is, in its essence, “a means of communication whose purpose is to reduce risk. Within organizations, the risk-averting dialogue is articulated in rules that bound the behaviors of people and control processes.”

In terms of economic growth, bureaucracy often hinders progress because it seeks predictable, low-risk outcomes notions that are antithetical to dynamic, entrepreneurship-driven growth. Rules and structure, however, are inevitable and even desirable because they can help to propagate new ideas and innovations. Within a business firm, a facilitative bureaucratic structure can increase the “technology adoption investment” that is key to growth. When calculating whether or not a technology is worthwhile, it is therefore important to take into consideration the labor and capital investments that are necessary to enable the adoption.

Problems and barriers arise when bureaucracy in a firm, in government, in a university sees its goal as perpetuation of the status quo rather than adaptation. The fluidity of a society’s organizations their ability to minimize bureaucracy and adapt their structure is often a prime determinant of economic growth.

One of the levels of economic fluidity is that of the individual: the ability of individual economic actors to freely decide their line of work, move between jobs, and, crucially, start new businesses. The recent Edmund Phelps’ research shows how the “corporatist” economic structure of Western Europe limits individual mobility: “high corporatism is strongly correlated with stifled entrepreneurship and obstructive job protection.” Here, a nation’s bankruptcy laws, ease of business formation, tax treatment of capital gains, and, informally, receptivity to new ideas are all important.