- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Part I Chapter 1. Modern building materials Unit 1
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
- •6. Skim the text and say what the general idea of the text is.
- •7. When skimming divide the text into parts.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topic:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 2. To the history of building materials
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase.
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 3. Some building professions
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •20. Using the information from the table (See task 17), speak about responsibilities of the following tradesmen:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 4. Air-conditioning
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 5. Architecture: Its forms and functions
- •In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Architecture: Its Forms and Functions
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 6. Asbestos
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Asbestos
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topic:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 7. New trends in urban management
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •New Trends in Urban Management
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. What do you think of the following? Discuss this statement with your partner.
- •21. Speak on the following topics:
- •22. Translate the following sentences:
- •23. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •24. Read the text and discuss with your partner how the issues of it are implementing in your city.
- •25. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 8. What is meant by bioclimatic architecture
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •What Is Meant by "Bioclimatic Architecture"
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •24. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •25. Render the text in English.
- •26. Read the text and tell what are the main concerns of environmentalists. Discuss them with your partner.
- •Chapter 9. Silicate industry
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Silicate Industry
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Group these phrases under the following headings and speak about:
- •21. Speak on the following topic:
- •22. Translate the following sentences:
- •23. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •24. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 10. Structure
- •1. Look and read.
- •2. Read this.
- •3. Look at the diagrams in exercise 1 and answer these questions:
- •4. Look at this table. The components of a factory
- •5. Look at this section through a factory and label the components using first table in exercise 4.
- •6. Now complete this passage:
- •7. Answer these questions by giving properties of materials:
- •9. Look and read. In the following diagram showing the layout if frames the span of beams is 9 meters. The frames are spaced at 3 meters center.
- •10. Copy and complete this table: The elements of the single-storey steel structure
- •11. Look at this diagram and read the passage.
- •Chapter 11. The design mistakes
- •2. Now rewrite the above statements using the adverbs of frequency introduced in exercise 1:
- •3. Look at the examples. Now say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •4. Look and read these statements about the possibility of a catastrophe occurring during the next year:
- •5. Discuss the possibility of catastrophes occurring in your country and their likely effects.
- •6. Look and read.
- •Houses in Japan after an Earthquake
- •8. Read the text and answer these questions:
- •9. Look at the pairs of drawings and discuss them:
- •10. Now read the passage and list the numbers of the diagrams in the order you hear them described.
- •11. Look through the passage again and for each pair of diagrams take notes on:
- •Part 2. Supplementary texts Unit 1 Task 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Find answers to the following questions:
- •3. Find in the text the words having the similar meaning to:
- •Building Materials
- •1. Study the following words:
- •2. Now look at the diagram and match the letters with the parts of the heating system:
- •3. Answer these questions.
- •5. Answer these questions:
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Unit 3 Text 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •Internal operational factors
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Unit 5 Text 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •Examples of Flow Charts
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Part 3. Grammar revision Unit 1. "Small Words"
- •Unit 2. Conjunctions Союзы
- •Unit 3. The Meanings of "One"
- •Unit 4. Forms of the Verb
- •2. What is the meaning of the following constructions? Mind the Participles.
- •3. In the given examples the verb to be has different meanings. What are they?
- •Unit 5. Рекомендации по переводу
- •Формальные признаки сказуемого
- •1. State the voice and the tense form of the following verbs:
- •2. Change the sentences into questions.
- •3. Put down the tense forms of the verbs.
- •4. Copy the following sentences. Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Unit 6. Terminology Терминология
- •1. Compare the English terms with the corresponding Russian ones. Mind the structural differences. Cover the left column. Translate the Russian terms back into English.
- •2. Connect the English terminological combinations with the corresponding Russian ones.
- •3. Add the prefixes to the words. Translate the new words.
- •4. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian into English.
- •5. Choose the proper attributes (a) and form the English combinations (b) corresponding to the Russian ones (c).
- •7. A) Change the terminological word combinations according to the example.
- •8. Translate the extract given below in writing.
- •Unit 7. Attributive Word Combinations
- •1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following attributive combinations:
- •2. Translate the article. Mind the attributive complexes. Read the word combinations.
- •Unit 8. Punctuation Marks
- •Insert commas where necessary.
- •Part 4. Англо-русский словарь
- •Использованная литература
23. Render the text in English.
Бетоны на основе неорганических вяжущих веществ представляют собой искусственные строительные конгломераты (ИСК), получаемые в результате твердения рациональной по составу, тщательно перемешанной и уплотненной бетонной смеси из вяжущего вещества и заполнителей. Кроме основных компонентов в состав бетонной смеси могут вводиться дополнительные вещества специального назначения. Среди других ИСК бетоны относятся к самым массовым по применению в строительстве вследствие их высокой прочности, надежности и долговечности при работе в конструкциях зданий и сооружений.
Кроме высокой прочности, у бетонов на основе неорганических вяжущих веществ имеется много и других достоинств: лёгкая формуемость бетонной смеси с получением практически любых наперед заданных форм и размеров изделий и конструкций, доступность высокой механизации технологических операций и т. п. Большая экономичность изделий из бетона состоит в том, что для их производства применяют свыше 80 % объема местного сырья – песка, щебня, гравия, побочных продуктов промышленности в виде шлака, золы и др. По некоторым зарубежным данным, количество энергии, требующейся для производства бетонных материалов является минимальным по сравнению с энергией (приведенной к единому эквиваленту), необходимой для изготовления стали, алюминия, стекла, кирпича, пластмасс. Для затворения порошкообразных вяжущих в тестообразное состояние и получения бетонной смеси используют обычную воду – питьевую из водопровода или речную, озерную и др. Расход воды также ниже, чем при производстве стали. После твердения тесто образует камень. Часть объемов в бетоне, заполнителе и камне занимают поры и капилляры разного размера и в различном количестве.
Для бетонов применяют почти все разновидности неорганических вяжущих, в соответствии с чем бетоны разделяются на цементные, гипсовые, силикатные, шлаковые, специальные (на фосфатных, магнезиальных и других вяжущих). Для них используют также все разновидности заполнителей, вследствие чего бетоны разделяют на плотные, пористые, специальные. При объединении вяжущих и заполнителей в принятых по составу количествах получают множество технических решений при производстве искусственных строительных конгломератов различного назначения. Если этих двух компонентов окажется недостаточно, вводят дополнительные вещества (добавки). Еще более сильным фактором, которым пользуются при получении бетонов с заданными свойствами, является технология с её многообразными операциями, режимами (тепловыми, механическими и пр.) и характеристиками оборудования и энергетики.
Chapter 2. To the history of building materials
1. In pairs answer the following questions:
Do you know who discovered Portland cement and when?
How long has reinforced concrete been used?
2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
architect; era; machinery; manufacture; patent; reservoir; scarce; substance; superiority; therefore; tunnel.
3. Learn new words and phrases.
available |
доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении |
inventor |
изобретатель |
lattice |
решётка, сетка |
reinforcement |
укрепление, упрочнение, усиление |
scarce |
недостаточный, скудный |
slab |
плита, лист, пластина |
tension |
напряжение, напряжённое состояние |
to discover |
обнаруживать, раскрывать, узнавать |
to eliminate |
устранять, исключать |
to neglect |
пренебрегать, игнорировать |
to obtain |
получать, добывать, приобретать |
to strengthen |
усиливать(ся), укреплять(ся) |
4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
break-through; hard substance; improved materials; on a large scale; powder; prestressed concrete; reinforced concrete; the biggest boost; to be embeded; to erect; to realize.
5. Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 2-4.
6. Skim the text and say what the general idea of the text is.
7. When skimming divide the text into parts.
With the introduction of the railways and steam machinery, transportation and manufacturing costs were considerably reduced and concrete came to be more widely used, but it was still very much a neglected material. Therefore, good concrete was scarce and a great deal of poor concrete was used.
The big break-through was the discovery of Portland cement by Joseph Aspdin in 1824, a worker in an English town.
When he was working an idea came to him as to how to make his work better. He started his experiments. After some time he obtained a powder. When it was mixed with water and allowed to stand it "sets" forming a hard substance. This substance was so much like the building stone from Portland that the powder was named Portland cement. As years passed different materials were found in many countries from which Portland cement could be made.
Portland cement was first used on a large scale in the construction of the Thames tunnel in 1828.
As early as 1830 the first idea of reinforced concrete was mentioned in a publication, which suggested that a lattice of iron rods could be embedded in concrete to form a roof.
Lambort, a French contractor, built a concrete boat for the Paris International Exhibition of 1855, with 2 inches sides reinforced with a skeleton of iron rods.
W. Wilkinson, who patented a method of constructing a concrete floor in 1854, is considered to be the inventor of reinforced concrete as well.
But many people say that a Frenchman, J. Monier, who, took out a patent in 1867 for the construction of plant tubs, tanks, etc, made of concrete reinforced with a mesh of rods or wires, should be credited with the invention. Certainly Monier did a great deal to develop the use of reinforced concrete and his name became so closely linked with reinforced concrete that reinforced concrete was known as the Monier System.
Wilkinson, however, certainly appears to have been the first. His patent covered for concrete floor slabs reinforced with a network of flat iron rods placed on edge. One of his main claims was the good fire resistance of the floor. He appears to have understood the principles of reinforced concrete, for he stated that the reinforcement was to be placed in the concrete to take the tension.
A number of buildings were erected, using Wilkinson's system. He also described method for the construction of pipes, reservoirs, and walls of concrete reinforced with metal sheets, bars and chains.
Freyssinet is known for his work in prestressed concrete for which he had his first ideas before First World War. With the improved materials and the new knowledge available, Freyssinet realised the advantage to be obtained from prestressing; and he used his system in prestressed works.
The post-war era has given the biggest boost to concrete, both reinforced and prestressed. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use either reinforced or prestressed concrete in their structures in order to economize in steel.
Architects were perhaps a little surprised to discover that in many cases reinforced concrete structures, apart from using the minimum of steel, were also cheaper than other forms of construction, and could be erected as quickly. They also discovered that they had more freedom for planning than they had ever before, and a larger number of solutions to each structural problem were available.
Beams could be eliminated, floor spans could be increased, and shells were available for roofing large areas.
Another big factor, which encouraged the use of concrete, was the introduction of fire regulations, which recognized the superiority of concrete over other structural materials in its fire resistance properties.
8. Compare your number of parts with that of your fellow students.
9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
steam machinery; manufacturing costs; were reduced; neglected material; scarce; poor concrete; break-through; obtained; mixed with water; substance; powder; reinforced concrete; a lattice of iron rods; contractor; inventor; invention; floor slabs; fire resistance; construction of pipes; reservoirs; metal sheets; bars; chains; prestressed concrete; advantage; architects; in order to; cheaper than other forms of construction; could be erected; available; beams; eliminate; increase; encourage; fire regulations; recognize; fire resistance properties.
12. Match pairs of words having the opposite meanings.
tension |
supply |
scarce |
liquid |
neglect |
inferiority |
discover |
submit |
solid |
plentiful |
increase |
reduce |
remove |
dismantle |
encourage |
looseness |
resist |
conceal |
erect |
discourage |
superiority |
appreciate |