- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Part I Chapter 1. Modern building materials Unit 1
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
- •6. Skim the text and say what the general idea of the text is.
- •7. When skimming divide the text into parts.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topic:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 2. To the history of building materials
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase.
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 3. Some building professions
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •20. Using the information from the table (See task 17), speak about responsibilities of the following tradesmen:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 4. Air-conditioning
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 5. Architecture: Its forms and functions
- •In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Architecture: Its Forms and Functions
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topics:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 6. Asbestos
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Asbestos
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Speak on the following topic:
- •21. Translate the following sentences:
- •22. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •23. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 7. New trends in urban management
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •New Trends in Urban Management
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. What do you think of the following? Discuss this statement with your partner.
- •21. Speak on the following topics:
- •22. Translate the following sentences:
- •23. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •24. Read the text and discuss with your partner how the issues of it are implementing in your city.
- •25. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 8. What is meant by bioclimatic architecture
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •What Is Meant by "Bioclimatic Architecture"
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •24. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •25. Render the text in English.
- •26. Read the text and tell what are the main concerns of environmentalists. Discuss them with your partner.
- •Chapter 9. Silicate industry
- •1. In pairs answer the following questions:
- •2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
- •3. Learn new words and phrases.
- •Silicate Industry
- •9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
- •10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.
- •11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
- •14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.
- •15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
- •17. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:
- •20. Group these phrases under the following headings and speak about:
- •21. Speak on the following topic:
- •22. Translate the following sentences:
- •23. Write an abstract of the chapter, I. E. Express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.
- •24. Render the text in English.
- •Chapter 10. Structure
- •1. Look and read.
- •2. Read this.
- •3. Look at the diagrams in exercise 1 and answer these questions:
- •4. Look at this table. The components of a factory
- •5. Look at this section through a factory and label the components using first table in exercise 4.
- •6. Now complete this passage:
- •7. Answer these questions by giving properties of materials:
- •9. Look and read. In the following diagram showing the layout if frames the span of beams is 9 meters. The frames are spaced at 3 meters center.
- •10. Copy and complete this table: The elements of the single-storey steel structure
- •11. Look at this diagram and read the passage.
- •Chapter 11. The design mistakes
- •2. Now rewrite the above statements using the adverbs of frequency introduced in exercise 1:
- •3. Look at the examples. Now say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •4. Look and read these statements about the possibility of a catastrophe occurring during the next year:
- •5. Discuss the possibility of catastrophes occurring in your country and their likely effects.
- •6. Look and read.
- •Houses in Japan after an Earthquake
- •8. Read the text and answer these questions:
- •9. Look at the pairs of drawings and discuss them:
- •10. Now read the passage and list the numbers of the diagrams in the order you hear them described.
- •11. Look through the passage again and for each pair of diagrams take notes on:
- •Part 2. Supplementary texts Unit 1 Task 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Find answers to the following questions:
- •3. Find in the text the words having the similar meaning to:
- •Building Materials
- •1. Study the following words:
- •2. Now look at the diagram and match the letters with the parts of the heating system:
- •3. Answer these questions.
- •5. Answer these questions:
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Unit 3 Text 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •Internal operational factors
- •2. Decide what title is more suitable for the text.
- •3. Find in the text words having the similar meaning to:
- •4. Answer the questions about the text.
- •5. These are answers to the questions about the text. Write the questions.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Unit 5 Text 1
- •1. Read the text.
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •1. Read the text.
- •Examples of Flow Charts
- •6. Are the following sentences true or false? If they are false correct them.
- •Part 3. Grammar revision Unit 1. "Small Words"
- •Unit 2. Conjunctions Союзы
- •Unit 3. The Meanings of "One"
- •Unit 4. Forms of the Verb
- •2. What is the meaning of the following constructions? Mind the Participles.
- •3. In the given examples the verb to be has different meanings. What are they?
- •Unit 5. Рекомендации по переводу
- •Формальные признаки сказуемого
- •1. State the voice and the tense form of the following verbs:
- •2. Change the sentences into questions.
- •3. Put down the tense forms of the verbs.
- •4. Copy the following sentences. Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Unit 6. Terminology Терминология
- •1. Compare the English terms with the corresponding Russian ones. Mind the structural differences. Cover the left column. Translate the Russian terms back into English.
- •2. Connect the English terminological combinations with the corresponding Russian ones.
- •3. Add the prefixes to the words. Translate the new words.
- •4. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian into English.
- •5. Choose the proper attributes (a) and form the English combinations (b) corresponding to the Russian ones (c).
- •7. A) Change the terminological word combinations according to the example.
- •8. Translate the extract given below in writing.
- •Unit 7. Attributive Word Combinations
- •1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following attributive combinations:
- •2. Translate the article. Mind the attributive complexes. Read the word combinations.
- •Unit 8. Punctuation Marks
- •Insert commas where necessary.
- •Part 4. Англо-русский словарь
- •Использованная литература
4. Copy the following sentences. Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.
The asphalt sections have varying mixes and depths of materials.
Pavement research and other studies are to be carried in the near future.
The embankments will be constructed from polystyrene.
The construction industry is undergoing considerable development.
What does the strength of concrete depend upon?
The lowest temperature theoretically possible is called the absolute zero.
The construction of the bridge is expected to begin next spring.
It will take about 31 months to complete.
The first section of the bridge will be opened to traffic next year.
Safety zones have been built in the whole area.
Bolts connect heavy timber framing.
The selection of the concrete aggregate depends on its properties.
According to plan the design work should be finished by this autumn.
The projects are being completed by different firms.
A large coal mine was being shut down during the planning phase of the project.
Glass consists of white sand, soda, and chalk. These ingredients are mixed and melted at very high temperatures.
Coloured glass is produced by adding metallic oxides during the process of melting.
Dust and dirt have been carefully removed from the surface to be plastered.
Plaster should be used within one hour after it has been prepared.
Steel-framed structures may be damaged in earthquake areas.
Unit 6. Terminology Терминология
Перевод образцов специальной литературы любой отрасли имеет свои особенности.
К числу главных относятся краткость и точность изложения. Для специальной литературы характерны наличие отраслевой терминологии, традиционность в употреблении "общей лексики", распространенность ряда синтаксических оборотов, наличие сложных атрибутивных групп.
Термины отраслевого языка выражают специальные понятия; их характеризует повышенная смысловая точность.
Каково же происхождение терминов? В современном языке, помимо других источников, широко используются латинские и греческие элементы. К примеру, из лат. diffractus (преломление) образовалось англ. diffraction, из лат. differentia (разность) – англ. differential и т. д.
Многие термины имеют греческое происхождение: hydor – вода, phone – звук дали hydrophone (гидрофон), heteros – другой и (h)oras – путь дали heterodyne (гетеродин) и т. д.
Соединение латинских и греческих элементов порождает термины-гибриды. Например, сочетание греч. аеr – воздух и лат. planum – плоскость дало airplane (аэроплан), греч. tele – далеко и лат. video – видение породило television (телевидение) и т. д.
Терминологические сочетания чрезвычайно разнообразны по смысловой структуре и по количественному составу. Следует отметить, что значение одного и того же (по буквенному составу) термина зависит от его отнесенности к определенной отрасли. К примеру, термин stringer в строительстве обозначает кружало; в морском деле – стрингер, а в горном деле – продольный брус. Термин line может обозначать слово линия (телефонная, силовая и т. д.), меридиан, экватор, формы корпуса судна и др., live circuit значит цепь под напряжением, live shell – боевой снаряд, live wood – свежее или сырое дерево.
1. При выборе значения сложного термина и его переводе важно определить смысловую связь между его компонентами. Так, сочетания обозначения вещества (металл, газ, жидкость ...) и предмета, например, steel wire, gas turbine, ice barrier, обычно переводятся на русский язык сочетаниями "прилагательное + существительное": стальная проволока, газовая турбина, ледяной барьер... Если же в двухкомпонентном термине второй компонент – производитель действия, то русский эквивалент, как правило, состоит из сочетания двух существительных: air heater – нагреватель воздуха, water filter – фильтр для воды, load binder – стяжка для груза.
2. Точное понимание термина часто достигается связью с контекстом. К примеру, сочетание computer control может означать управление с помощью вычислительной машины. В этом случае первый компонент – способ управления машиной. Но если первый компонент – объект, то сочетание имеет значение – управление вычислительной машиной.
3. Примерами важности контекста для определения значения сложного термина могут служить случаи, когда определяемое слово имеет обобщенное значение. В этом случае основная смысловая нагрузка ложится на определяемое слово. Например, термин machine в сочетании machine components переводится как детали машин, а в сочетании machine gun – пулемет. Интересны сочетания с термином load: maximum load, total load, useful load означают предельная нагрузка, полная нагрузка, полезная нагрузка, а сочетания water load, live load, dead load означают водяной балласт, рабочая нагрузка, собственный вес.
4. Атрибутивная группа термина может состоять из нескольких слов и включать в себя разные части речи – существительные, прилагательные, причастия. При осмыслении и переводе терминов такого типа необходимо выявить точную смысловую связь всех компонентов, из которых сложный термин состоит. Например, в терминологическом сочетании flat-nosed pliers – плоскогубцы pliers означает щипцы, nose – наконечник, носок, a flat – плоский; сложный термин load carrying capacity имеет значение грузоподъемная способность (capacity – возможность, способность, carry – нести, load – груз).
Concrete-mixing-water-ratio переводится как водоцементное отношение (ratio – отношение, пропорция, concrete – цемент, water – вода, mixing – смешение).
5. Сложная атрибутивная группа может включать предлоги и союзы, например, center of all-metal construction – центр, имеющий цельнометаллическую конструкцию. Flaw in wood в переводе на русский язык означает пороки древесины, a floor area of a building значит площадь пола здания. Примеры показывают, что при переводе используются иные по синтаксической структуре связи.
6. Новые термины могут быть образованы путем слияния двух основ: transceiver (от transmitter и receiver) – приемопередаточная установка.
7. При переводе термина на русский язык возможны случаи, когда один термин должен переводиться по-разному. Так, термин design в тексте по машиностроению должен быть передан словом конструирование; в других областях он должен быть переведен как проектирование или сохранить свое первоначальное значение дизайн.
Термин engineer помимо значения инженер (engine – машина) может означать техник, механик, машинист, слесарь, а в сочетании engineer in charge – прораб, начальник цеха или заведующий производством.
8. "Ложные друзья переводчика" – это такие термины, которые вызывают ошибочные ассоциации с русскими терминами. Примерами могут служить такие термины, как resin – смола (а не резина), specific – удельный (а не специфический). Английский термин director имеет значение направляющий диполь, которое не присуще русскому директор.
9. Интересно отметить и образность ряда терминов. Она достигается использованием обычных, не специальных слов: dead space – мертвое пространство, зона молчания, conductor alive – проводник подтоком, fool-proof – предохранительная деталь, буквально защита от дураков.