5. Look at this section through a factory and label the components using first table in exercise 4.

Example: timber joints

6. Now complete this passage:

The factory … from four elements: the …, the …, the …, and the ... . The roof … a waterproof cover­ing, which is made of …, and a …, which is made of tim­ber joists and … slabs. The walls are constructed from two ..., the wall structure, which consists of …, and the …, which is made of … sheets. The … consists of a wearing surface, which is made of … and a floor structure, which is made of … . The foundations consist of … .

7. Answer these questions by giving properties of materials:

1. Why is steel used for the frame structure of the factory?

2. Why is asphalt used for the waterproof covering?

3. Why are corrugated steel sheets used for the cladding?

4. Why are vinyl tiles used for the wearing surface?

5. Why is concrete used for the column bases?

8. Now make tables like this analyzing the structures of several different buildings found in your country. Use the following headings:

Structural system	Elements	Compound units	Units	Materials

Compare the structures of the buildings and the properties of the materials used to make them.

9. Look and read. In the following diagram showing the layout if frames the span of beams is 9 meters. The frames are spaced at 3 meters center.

The single-storey structure consists of three frames. These frames are made up of steel stanchions and beams. The frames are placed between end walls and spaced at 3 metre centres. The stanchions carry the beams. These beams support the roof. The roof beams cantilever a short distance beyond the stanchions. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet steel cladding. The cladding can then be placed outside the line of the stanchions.

The beams are bolted to steel stanchion caps. The stanchion caps are welded to the top of each stanchion. The load on each beam is transmitted through these plates to the stanchions.

The upper face of the steel base plates and the ends of the stanchions are machined flat. The bottom of each stanchion is welded to a base plate. Each base plate is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down bolts.

Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the brick walls. These angles tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.

Now answer these questions:

1. How are the angles fixed to the roof beams?

2. How are the loads on a roof beam transmitted to the column bases?

3. What is the joint between a base plate and a column base filled with?

4. Why do the roof beams cantilever a short distance?

10. Copy and complete this table: The elements of the single-storey steel structure

Elements	Compound units	Units	Materials
Structure
Space dividers
Foundations