§ 34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases

The linguistic analysis of extensive language data proves that there exists a regular correlation between the system of free phrases and all types of subordinative (and additive) compounds¹. Correlation embraces both the structure and the meaning of compound words, it underlies the entire system of productive present-day English composition conditioning the derivational patterns and lexical types of compounds.

The structural correlation manifests itself in the morphological character of components, range of bases and their order and arrangement. It is important to stress that correlative relations embrace only minimal, non-expanded nuclear types of phrases.

The bases brought together in compound words are built only on the stems of those parts of speech that may form corresponding word-

¹ Prof. A. I. Smirnitsky as far back as the late forties pointed out the rigid parallelism existing between free word-groups and derivational compound adjectives which he termed “grammatical compounds".

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groups. The head of the word-group becomes the head-member of the compound, i.e. its second component. The typical structural relations expressed in word-groups syntactically are conveyed in compounds only by the nature and order of its bases.

Compounds of each part of speech correlate only with certain types of minimal variable phrases.

Semantically correlation manifests itself in the fact that the semantic relations between the components of a compound mirror the semantic relations between the member-words in correlated word-groups. For example, compound adjectives of the n+V_en type, e.g. duty-bound, snow-covered, are circumscribed by the instrumental relations typical of the correlated word-groups of V_en+ by/with + N type regardless of the actual lexical meanings of the bases. Compound nouns of the n+n type, e.g. story-teller, music-lover, watch-maker, all mirror the agentive relations proper to phrases of the N who V+N, cf. a story-teller and one who tells stories, etc.

■ Correlation should not be understood as converting an actually functioning phrase into a compound word or the existence of an individual word-group in actual use as a binding condition for the possibility of a compound. On the contrary there is usually only a potential possibility of conveying the same semantic content by both a word-group and a compound, actually this semantic content is conveyed preferably either by a phrase or by a compound word.

Correlation, it follows, is a regular interaction and interdependence of compound words and certain types of free phrases which conditions both the potential possibility of appearance of compound words and their structure and semantic type. Thus, the fact that there is a potential possibility of individual phrases with the underlying pattern, for example, as A + as N in as white as snow, as red as blood presupposes a potential possibility of compound words of the n+ a type snow-white, blood-red, etc. with their structure and meaning relation of the components preconditioned. It happens that in this particular case compound adjectives are more typical and preferred as a language means of conveying the quality based on comparison.

Structural and semantic correlation by no means implies identity or a one-to-one correspondence of each individual pattern of compound “words to one phrase pattern. For example the n + n_v type of compound nouns comprises different patterns, such as ln+(v+ -er)] — rocket-flyer, shoe-maker, bottle-opener; [n+(v + -ing)] — rocket-flying, football-playing; [n+(v+ -ion)] — price-reduction. All these patterns differing in the individual suffix used in the final analysis correlate with verbal-nominal word-groups of the V+N type (e.g. to fly rockets), the meaning of the active doer (rocket-flyer) or the action (rocket-flying) is conveyed by the suffixes. However the reverse relationship is not uncommon, e.g. one derivational pattern of compound adjectives (n+a) in words like oil-rich, sky-high, grass-green corresponds to a variety of word-group patterns which differ in the grammatical and semantic relationship between member-words expressed in phrases by different prepositions. Thus compound adjectives of this type may correspond to phrase patterns A +of + N, e.g.

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Table 1

e. g. case for (keeping) pencils; a suit for driving

e. g. the neck of the bottle; the handle of the door

e. g. a club in the country; a chair on wheels

e. g. a door (that) is a trap; the doctor is a woman

e. g. a fish like a sword; a hat like a bowler

e. g. a mill worked by the wind; a boat run by steam

pleasure-tired; A+in+N, e.g. oil-rich; as A as N, e.g. grass-green. Another example of the same type of correlation is the polysemantic n+n pattern of nominal compounds which mirror a variety of semantic relations underlying word-groups of the N+prp+N type, such as relations of resemblance (e.g. needle-fish), local and temporal relations (e.g. country-house, night-flight), relations of purpose (e.g. search-warrant), etc. which in word-groups are conveyed by prepositions or other function words. (Table 1) (see p. 153) represents the most common and frequent types of semantic correlation between n+n pattern of compounds and various patterns of nominal word-groups.

Compound words, due to the fact that they do not require any explicit way to convey the semantic relationship between their components except their order, are of much wider semantic range, leave more freedom for semantic interpretation and convey meaning in a more compressed and concise way. This makes the meaning of compounds more flexible and situationally derived.

It follows that motivation and regularity of semantic and structural correlation with free word-groups are the basic factors favouring a high degree of productivity of composition and may be used to set rules guiding spontaneous, analogic formation of new compound words.

It is natural that those types of compound words which do not establish such regular correlations and that are marked by a lack or very low degree of motivation must be regarded as unproductive as, for example, compound nouns of the a+n type, e. g. bluebell, blackbird, mad-doctor.