18. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning words – after, before:

1. Before discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, it was thought that there existed two general types of forces explaining all natural phenomena: electrical and gravitational forces. 2. The word “ helium” come from the Greek word “sun” because element was discovered in the sun before it was discovered on the earth. 3. After it become clear that some mistake had been made in the calculation, the experiment was stopped. 4. After a period of discharge the battery can be restored to its original condition by supplying energy to it from an outside source. 5. For days or weeks after the reactor has been turned off, the radiation intensity is so great inside that repairs there are never attempted.

19. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: because – тому що, бо; because of – через, завдяки тому що, із-за

1. Because our sense of temperature is not very reliable temperature measurements of our body must be made with accurate thermometers. 2. The energy, which an object has its motion because is called kinetic. 3. Because of the relative complexity of plasma acceletor configurations, experiments are needed to determine the design of suitable plasma drive devices. 4. The problem of power generation from fusion reactors is very difficult because of he difficult of containing plasma.

20. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to - for:

1. A separate consideration of individual elements is in a very real sense artificial, for each element occurs in a building only for some definite purpose and gains both its practical and its aesthetic meaning from its relation to other elements. 2. Probably a majority of the houses to be built in the near future time, will be designed for rental or sale. For this it is impossible to make so striking a functional analysis as in the case of a house designed for one particular family.3. If such loads exist, their effect should be carefully studied and provided for. 4.Formethods of computing reactions, see chapter on “ Reactions”.

21. Point out which of the sentences “ to have, to be “ are used as Modal verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Draglines are operated where excavation has to be carried out at some distance from the machine. 2. Many basic principles are still to be established. 3. The time is nearing when international agreements will be drafted to govern the design and operation of nucleas vessels. 4. If practical answers are to be found and the factor of safety is to be put on a firm calculable basis a large number of complicated problems will have to be solved. 5. Care should be used to obtain an ample amount of light in buildings in which men are to work. 6. The drawings show how the materials are tobe incorporated into the structure, the specifications state the quality and the methods, which are to be employed.

22. Form the Nouns using the following suffixes and translate them:

-ment:to arrange, to improve, to move, to achieve, to require, to measure

-ance:to appear, to assist, to resist, to acquaint

-ing:to mean, to begin, to broadcast, to build, to draw, to coat

-ence:to exist, to depend, to differ, to insist

-ness: tough, bright, thick, cold, exact, hard, effective

-ity: intens(e), activ(e), resistiv(e), equal, elastic, electric

-age:to break, to pass, to use, volt

-er:to view, to listen, to fight, to dream, to found, to driv(e), to boil, to burn, to contain, to convert, to condens(e)

-or:to direct, to act, to creat(e), to inspect, to investigat(e), to resist, to conduct, to compress, to react, to accelerate, to ventilat(e)

LESSON 71