6. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1.It has been established that air pollution in urban areas grows in ... .2. The chemical composition of emissions into the atmosphere is different depending on ... .3. Large amounts of dust are emitted into the atmosphere by ... . 4. The automobile is a covenient means of transport, but it has ... . 5.City air is polluted not only by exhaust fumes but also by ... . 6. The problem of radioactive pollution of the atmosphere arose in1945 after... .7.Radioactive elements formed during the explosion are taken in by... .

7. Explain how the natural pollution of the atmosphere happens.

8. Find in the text the paragraph the sentences about the sources of pollution of the atmosphere at presenr time.

9. Give the characteristic of main groups of components of exhaust gases/fumes.

10. Explain the radioactive danger of the atmosphere.

LESSON 75

1. Read and translate the following international words:

effective a, sanitary a, hygienic a, transportation n, modernize v.

2. Read and remember the following words:

exceed – перевищувати, переходити межу

legislative – законодавчий

establish – засновувати, закласти

require – вимагати

exclude – виключати, не допускати

measure – міра

install – встановлювати, монтувати

advantage – перевага, вигода, користь

3.Check your knowledge and understanding the meaning the following words with the help of the terminological dictionary:

profit, trap, recuperation,cost alimination, design, zone, contaminant, stream, flame, engine, unit, neutralization, improvement, odour

4. Name the adjectives from which the following adverbs were form:

eventually, completely, fundamentally, legislatively, freely, particularly, usually, extremely

5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

1.low, high, permissible/allowable – concentration

припустима, низька, висока - концентрація

2.rough, medium, fine – purification

середня, груба, висока/ тонка очистка

3.poisonous/toxic, exhaust, liquefied, harmful – gas

вихлопні ,знижені, шкідливий, отруйний – газ

6. Read the text and say the new information you have got:

FIGHTING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

Article 12 of the Law on the Conservation of Nature reads: “The content of harmful substances in emissions into the atmosphere, water, and soil shall not exceed maximum permissible concentrations established with due regard to all economic interest and hygienic standards”. The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to legislatively establish maximum allowable concentrations ( MAC ) of atmospheric pollutants. The limits were determined by a study on the influence of atmospheric pollutants on the environment and the conditions of life and health of the pollution.

Industrial wastes, not heating systems, are of greater concern in certain cities, areas and individual factories. In such cases, purification plants may be built with different methods of purification ( mechanical, chemical, electric and complex.). The degree of purification obtained is extremely varied as it depends on the physicochemical properties of the pollutants and the efficiency of the method and equipment. There are rough purification methods which are 70 to 85 per cent effective, medium purification - 95 to 98 per cent, and fine purification – over 99 per cent. The purification of industrial wastes not only protects the air from pollution but also saves raw materials and provides the enterprise with additional profit. Trapping and recuperationof useful products in smoke emissions have not only sanitary but also national economic importance.

However, a purification plant is not enough in itself. The most promising way to solve the problem of clean air is to improve technology: reduce emissions into the atmosphere and make maximum use of waste. It is cheaper and easier to find a way of eliminating the possibility of waste formation than to build a purification plant which may cost more than the production technology itself. For example, it is very difficult and very costly to purify every hour hundreds of thousands of cubic metres of air containing compounds of lead and mercury. The process requires a purification plant costing more than the enterprise itself. But, on the other hand, it is quite possible to design a process whereby the refinement of lead would exclude the possibility of vapours and aerosls being freely discharged into the atmosphere and causing giant streams of air and surrouning territory to be polluted by lead.

A similar situation exists with motor transportation: it is not enough to reduce the noise and soot in exhaust fumes, the design of the engine must be improved, the automobile modernized. Considerable improvements should be introduced into motor transportation operation to reduce air pollution by exhaust fumes and eventually eliminate it completely. The following measures are important to make exhaust fumes less toxic.

1. To introduce improved carburettors, reducing emission of toxic substances.

2. A particularly interesting method to reduce atmosphere pollution would be to switch cars to gaseous fuel ( liquefied gas ).

3. By addition agents to the fuel it is possible to change the course of oxidation of hydrocarbons, to reduce the formations of some toxic components – carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, soot and others.

4. Neutralization of exhaust gases by installing neutralizers. Of all the devices proposed, the best known are flame and catalytic neutralizers.

5. In addition to improving existing automobile engine, a search is being conducted in the USSR and abroad for fundamentally different power units. The most promising seems to be electric automobiles.

The major advantages of the electric automobile are quite running and absence of exhaust fumes, i.e. protection of the environment.

Improvement in city planning is of great importance in keeping the air clean. Factories are now usually built beyond city limits. Special zones must be established between housing estates and industrial enterprises protecting the population from smoke, gases, dust, noise, and unpleasant odours.

Plant life cleans the air in cities of harmful components. Trees play the role of biological filters absorbing gas contaminants from the air while particles of dust settle on their leaves and branches.

7.Find in the text the information about the defining the permissible limits of the atmospheric pollution.

8. Name the measures which are suggested for lowering the concentration of exhaust gases.

9. Using the text name the methods of purification of industrial gases and how many degrees of purity are existed.

10. Describe the role of plants in the protection the towns of industrial wastes and exhaust gases.

LESSON 76

PROTECTION OF WATER

1. Read and say the meaning of the following words:

progress v, stable a, phenomenon n, companion n, adequate a, localize v, dynamic a, equilibrium n, assimilate v.

2. Read and remember the following words:

community – суспільство

concurrent – співпадаючий, діючий одночасно

supply – запас

upset – порушувати порядок

affect –впливати

3.Make up the nouns from the following verbs and translate them:

contaminate, regenerate, pollute, describe, localize, classify, assimilate, compose.

4. Check your knowledge the following words with the terminilogical dictionary:

receptacle, detrimental, contamination, estuary

5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

community development, city growth, water supply, constant companion,river valleys, drinking water polluted waterways, river regeneration

долини рік, відродження ріки, розвиток суспільства, ріст міста, водопостачання, забруднення водного шляху, постійний супутник, питна вода

6.Read the text and say in what paragraph is said about influence of violation physics-chemical balance on the ecological structure:

WATER POLLUTION

Ever since man progressed from a hunting to an agricultural society, with ther corresponding development of stable communities, the phenomenon of water pollution has been his constant companion. As agricultural methods improved, a smaller percentage of the population produced all the food needed; larger communities and diverse secondary industries developed and grew into the present modern society. Concurrent with this growth, however, was the increasing percentage of waste materials and the problems of disposal. When the total volume of waste from a community was relatively small, the easiest method of disposal was to “throw it away”, usually into the nearest receptacle. Since man cannot exist without water, community development and city growth centered in areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. Initially this meant development in river valleys, and thus the nearest receptacle for wastes was the river.

The term “ pollution” has been variously defined by many people, but if it may be described here as “ the detrimental effects on a localized ecological structure by the addition of the waste products of a society”, then it is apparent that the first noticeable pollution problems should have inviolved the supply of drinking water.

It is in this particular area that the question of pollution takes on a new meaning. Is a body of waterpolluted when it directly affects man, or should it be classified as polluted when the ecological structure is first upset? The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical and biological equilibria, and there is no doubt that a normally active waterway has a large capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this capacity is now being reached or exceeded so that many waterway are becoming increasingly contaminated. Before this contamination becomes readily noticeable however, equilibria are changed and the ecological structure may be seriously affected. Some examples of water systems where the effects of pollution have become or are becoming increasingly apparent are the Adriatic, Baltic, and Mediterranean seas; the Thames, rhine, and Seine rivers; and the Great Lakes in America and Canada. But dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration, and with careful planning even the most seriously polluted waterways may be brought back into full use. An example of river regeneration on a large scale is the successful attemt to restore the Thames estuary.