7. Complete the following sentences with the phrase from the text:

1. As agricultural methods improved,... .2. Concurrent with this growth, however, was the increasing percentage of ... .3. since man cannot exist without water, ... . 4. It is in this particular area that the question of ... .5. The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing .. .6. But dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for ... .

8 Read some information about water and its using. Ask each member of the group to tell the whole group where his or her water comes from in the home that is used for cooking, drinking and bathing and where the wastewater goes. Discuss this.

The water on the earth is 97.2 % salt and only 2.8 % fresh. Lakes are 0.0009%; rivers, atmosphere0.001% and the grounwater is 0.62%. Only 1% of all water on the earth can be used by man for drinling, cooking and bathing.

How much water is used at home? ( kitchen 10%, laundry 15%, sink and bath 15%, shower 22% and toilet 38%) Of course, these figures are different in different countries, cities and villages.

9. Read and discuss:

How to save water

TOILET:people use more water flushing the toilet than any other way.

-Don’t use the toilet as a wastebasket.

-save water on each flush by displacing the water in the tank with a quart-size plastic bottle filled with water.

-use a toilet tank dam to hold back some water on each flush.

-check for leaks and repair any that you find.

-flush only when there is solid waste in the toilet bowl.

BATH AND SHOWER: water and energy can be wasted, since energy is used to heat the water.

-turn off the shower while soaping up. There are on/off switches (available from plumbing sicres to help you do this

-take shower instead of baths.

-take shorter showers.

-install a water-saving showerhead.

-fill the tub only part way whenbathing.

-recycle bath water by using it on house plants.

SINK:don’t let water run down the drain while you do the following:

-brush your teeth.

-shave

-wash and rinse dishes.

-wait for water to get cold to have a drink. Instead, keep a container of drinking water inthe refrigerator.

-wash fruits or vegetables.

Aplliances:

-wash only full loads of dishes or clothes, or use the low-volume setting if your mashine has one.

General nousehold:

-do a home leak-check on all faucets and water lines to appliance. Repair any leaks you find.

OUTDOORS:

-water the garden and lawn at dusk, when the day is cool. This is better for plants, too.

-mulch the garden to retain moisture in the soil.

-wash the car with a bucket of suds. Use a hose onle when rinsing, and always use a nozzle on the hose.

-use “trickle” irrigation instead of sprinkling.

-sweep walks and driveways, instead of hosing them.

-don’t water the concrete – it doesn’t grow.

LESSON 77

1.Read and define the meaning of the following words:

planet n, rational a, decade n , cascade n, territory n, compensate v, geothermal a.

2. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

acquire – досягати, набувати

scope – сфера, охоплення

divert – відводити, відхиляти

arid – сухий, посушливий

drilling – буріння

livestock breeding – племінне тваринництво

3. Translate the following word-combinations;

1. large, total, different, hunting, irrigated land, populated – area

2. large, useable, extensive – reserves

3. river, underground, hot, fresh, ground, geothermical – water

4. water – resourses, use, consumption, supply, shortage, transport,fishery, redistribution

4. Check your knowledge the following words with the terminological dictionary:

exploitation, irrigation, treatment, reservoir, canal,natural, navigation, reserve, depletion, fishery, consume, moisture, recreation.

5. Read the text and make up the plan to this text:

PROTECTION OF WATER

The water and the air are the most important elements in physical and chemical processes on the surface of the earth. Resources of river, lake and underground fresh waters are distributed very unevenly on the continents.

Water use. Shortage of water in different areas of the world is due not only to uneven distribution of water resources but also to its more varied and intensive use.

The Low on Conservation of Nature states that all rivers, lakes and underground waters are to be protected from depletion and pollution as water supply resources, a source of energy and means of treatment. Rivers and lakes are also used as transport routes, fisheries, hinting areas and recreation sites.

It is obvious that the exploitation of water resources is extremely varied at the present time. It should be added that the scope of water resource exploitationis growing rapidly due to population growth, fast development of industry and expansion of irrigated land area.

An enormous amount of water is used in industry. To manufacture one ton of paper, 100 m of water is required, one ton of synthetic fibres – from 2,500 to 5,00 m of water and so on. It has been estimated that industry consumes about 85 per cent of the water in cities. This leaves about 15 per cent for the daily needs of the people.

A sharp increase in water consumpsion on the planet may lead to a water shortage in the near future. In view of this, measures are being worked out to increase water resources and rationally exploit them.

Redistribution of water. There are two ways to redistribute river water by means of reservoirs and through canals.

Reservoirs. In recent decades, cascades of hydroelectric power plants have been built with reservoirs, the largest onthe volga, Kama, Dnieper, Angara, and Yenisei.

Reservoirs are an example of how man intervenes to a considerable extent in natural processes over large areas. Reservoirs help solve energy problems, irrigate agricultural land, improve water transport, supply large enterprises, cities and other populated areas with water fisheries and form the basis for recreation and tourist zones.

Canals are important not only for redistributingwater but also as transport routes. As such they are artificial rivers built by mightly excavating machines.

Use of underground water. Supplies of underground waters are considerable, and, therefore, their rational use to compensate for moisture shortages. Unlike mineral deposits, water resources are renewed inthe course of exploitation.

Geothermal ( hot ) waters are a kind of ground water source, the water being obtained from the earth’s interior by deep drilling. These hot waters are used to generate electricity ( geothermal electric plants ), heat homes and livestock breeding farms, and also in hothouses. Recently, geothermal waters have been used for breeding fish in ponds.

6. Translate and answer the following questions:

1.Як можна пояснити нерівномірний розподіл водних ресурсів?

2. Які масштаби експлуатації водних ресурсів?

3. Які наслідки різкого збільшення використання води?

4. Які існують можливості використання підземної води?

7. Discuss the problem “Protection of water”, make up the dialogue using the text and your own information.

Lesson 78

1. Read and translate the following international words:

illusion n, perpetual a, declare v, fundamental a, unique a, ocean n, monograph n, volcano n, rarity n, satisfaction n, circulation n.

2. Read and remember the following words:

tackle – енергійно братися за що-небудь

sparkle – виблискувати, випромінювати

wind – витися

shield – захист, щит

entrails – надра

aggravate – погіршувати, збільшувати, посилювати

regain – знову придбати, набути

fitness – придатність, відповідність

3.Name the stems of the words from which were formed the following nouns and translate them.

Requirement, aggravation, conclusion, unevenness, diversity, development, distribution, impurity, consumption.

4. Check your knowledge and understanding the following wods with the help of terminological dictionary:

balance, famine, resources, glacier, watermark, distribution, impurity.

5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents the following word-combinations:

A: fresh water consumption, world water balance, earth’s entrails, annual fresh water discharge, renewable fresh water resources, tight water balance, unlike other natural resources, in daily industrial life;

B: у повсякденному промисловому житті, надра землі, на відміну від інших природних ресурсів, споживання чистої води, щорічний стік чистої води, світова рівновага води, поновлювані запаси чистої води, жорсткий водний баланс