- •1.Read and translate following international words paying attention to the parts of speech.
- •2.Pay attention to meaning of following “false friends of translator” :
- •3.Remember pronunciation and translation of following words and word-combinations from the text:
- •9.Read the text and give its main idea:
- •10.Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:
- •7. Name the English verbs forming the following nouns and translate them:
- •8.Read the text, try to understand its main idea:
- •9.Find the correspondence:
- •10.Using the text answer the question: “ What is the theoretical base for solving ecological problem?”
- •12. Say about the point of view of Western scientists on ecological problem. Make up the dialogue.
- •13.Say what measures are decided for solving ecological problems in our country? What documentreflects this?
- •2. Open the brackets and insert the right form instead of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. State the form of the Subjunctive Mood and translate the following sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences and underline the verb-predicate in the Subjunctive Mood.
- •5. Translate the following pairs of words, pay attention to the meaning of the prefixes.
- •6. Read the text and define the main idea:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
- •18. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning words – after, before:
- •19. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: because – тому що, бо; because of – через, завдяки тому що, із-за
- •20. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to - for:
- •21. Point out which of the sentences “ to have, to be “ are used as Modal verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •22. Form the Nouns using the following suffixes and translate them:
- •1. Read the following paragraphs of the text and define their main idea.
- •2. Write out from the text and translate the words and word-combinations connecting with the preserving the environment.
- •8. Find the correspondence definitions:
- •8 Read the text and reproduce its main idea:
- •15. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings of “ but”:
- •16. Define the function “for” and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •17. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meanings “ also”.
- •18. Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the preposition “by”:
- •19. Form the words using the following suffixes and translate them:
- •1. Read and translate the following international words:
- •2. Remember the pronunciation and translation of the following words:
- •4. Check your knowledge the following words with the help of terminological dictionary:
- •5. Read the text and give the main idea:
- •In the end, finelly – нарешті
- •10. Using the rules put the comma into the sentences:
- •5.Read the text and in two-three sentences give its main idea:
- •6. Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •7. Complete the following sentences with the phrase from the text:
- •9. Read and discuss:
- •6. Read the text and give its main idea in two-three sentences:
- •3. Form with the help of suffixes –(a) (t) ion or –ment corresponding nouns from the following verbs and translate them.
- •4. Check your knowledge and uderstanding the following words with the help of terminological dictionary:
- •5. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:
- •6. Read the text and say what new information have you got:
- •5.Read the text and name the measures of protection of the soil against erosion:
- •5. Read the text and make up the plan to it:
- •5.Read the text and make up the plan to it:
- •10 Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets and translate the sentences:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English using the corresponding Tenses:
- •7. Translate the questions and find the answers on them:
- •8. Make up the dialogue using the translated questions and the information from the text.
- •9. Use the Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Past Continuous of the verbs in brackets:
- •10 Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets and translate the sentences:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English using the corresponding Tenses:
- •9.Open the brackets using the corresponding tense of the verb:
- •10. Translate into English using the rules of the sequence of tenses:
- •11.Change the following sentences from Direct into Indirect Speech:
- •1.Read and define the meaning of the following words:
- •2. Read and remember the following words:
- •3. Give the correspondence:
- •4.Check your knowledge the following words with of the terminological dictionary:
- •5. Read the text , translate it and give the main idea in two-three sentences:
- •14. Translate into Ukrainian. Define the function of the Participle, Gerund and Verbal Noun.
- •15. Translate into English using the Gerund
5. Read the text and make up the plan to it:
PROTECTION OF THE SOIL AGAINST POLLUTION
The most widespread substances polluting the soil from theatmosphere are nitric and sulfur oxides. They enter the soil together with precipitation, raise soil acidity and significantly lower fertility.
Higher concentrations of heavy metals in the soil around industrial enterprises deplete the local flora, with the more sensitive species disappearing.
It is a difficult problem to restore the fertility of soil polluted by heavy metals. The main measure, and a cardinal solution to the problem is to improve technology so that waste is not released into the environment. Sometimes various chemical substances are introduced into the soil to neutralize the effect of soil pollutants, and so on.
The soil may be polluted when fertilizer and pesticides are incorrectly used, and also by the waste of livestock breeding complexes.
Until recent times, animal wastes were utilized as a valuable economic source of nutrients for crop production. Since World War II, commercial fertilizers have become the preferred source for supplementing nutrients in the soil because of their relatively low cost, ease of handling, ease of storing and ready availability. It is imperative that ways are found to utilize agricultural wastes to improve soil and prove added fertility for plant growth.
Soils vary greatly in their physical and chemical properties and are classified according to these properties.
An understanding of these properties provides information needed to determine the suitability of soils for land disposal of wastes. The engineer may find the advice of a soil scientist valuable when attempting to locate soils for waste disposal.
The chemical conditions existing in soils determine the reaction of soil, which may be acid, neutral or alkaline. This reaction in turn determines the availability or solubility of certain elements as well as the response of microorganisms and higher plants.
There is a natural tendency for soils to become acid in himid climates where sufficient rainfall occurs to leach bases from the surface layers. Hydrogen and aluminium become dominant in the exchange complex and the soil is acid in reaction. When soil colloids are dominated by calcium and magnesium on their adsorptive surfaces, the soil is neutral or alkaline in reaction. This condition occurs in limed soils or low rainfall areas.
The soil chemical properties determine the capacity of the soil to break down the complex waste materials added in varying amounts. These properties are also influenced by the application of wastes.
In the past several years, interest in land disposal of domestic wastewaters has increased. This increase arises from a widespread desire to conserve water by recycling. Also, it is thought that land disposal of wastewater would minimize water pollution problems attributed to the presence of large amounts of chemical constituents that can cause significant water quality deterioration in waterbased disposal systems. Additional interest in land disposal has been created by the possibility that nutrients present in domestic wastewaters, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, can be recycled to the land where they could then serve as fertilizer for terrestrial plants. Land application of domestic wastewaters is potentially an ecologically sound practice; however, a number of potential problems associated with such a practice could result in environmental degradation.
6. To each point of the plan pick out the corresponding word-combinations.
7. Retell the text using the plan and word-combinations which you have written out from the text.
8. Make up the dialogues using the information from the text.
LESSON 82
1. Read and define the meaning og the following words:
chief a; capillary n, a; accumulate v; ordinary a; colossal a; ruin v; catastrophic a; gypsum n; effective a; contribute v; chronic a.
2. Read and remember the following words:
culprit –
abound –
drown –
inflict –
cure –
overcome –
remedy –
associate –
3. Check your knowledge the following words with of the terminological dictionary:
saline, salinization, liquor, revive, grind, hunger, malnutrition.
4. Give the correspondence:
1. physiological dryness 1.
2. alarming situation 2.
3. desalinated lands 3.
4. the process of oil refining 4.
5. substantial additional areas 5.
6. petrified soil 6.
7. arable layer 7.