An Adverbial Modifier of Result

Model 6: (a) He seemed too tired to speak.

(b) You have only to read it once to understand it clearly.

1. The boys were too frightened —. 2. The roads were good enough —. 3. You must be absolutely blind —. 4. He was a rich man but he was too busy —. 5. Do you know him well enough —? 6. The night was too hot —. 7. He is too young —. 8. You have only to go there once —. 9. The subway station was near enough —. 10. He knew me too well —.

be afraid of me; understand what has happened; sleep inside the house; enjoy his money; not see how hurt she is; drive fast; walk there; speak; not want to go anywhere; ask him for help

Ex 22 Paraphrase the following so as to use the infinitive as an attribute.

Model 1: I must think about my job.

I have my job to think about.^*

1. He must write some important letters. 2. She had to answer some business letters. 3. He had to do so many things. 4. We must first talk over this problem. 5. They wanted to show me a new picture. 6. I must ask him a lot of questions. 7. The Abhazia must cover a long distance before she reaches port. 8. With so much work to do you mustn't lose a moment. 9. He must wait (for) two hours. 10. We must go a long way.

Model 2: She was the last who left the office.

She was the last to leave the office.

1. He was the second who came to the finish. 2. There was only one man who could understand my jokes. 3. She was the first who learned this terrible news. 4. Here is the man whom you can discuss the problem with. 5. She was the last person who could hurt a child. 6. Petrov was the first who raised this question and I was the next who spoke on the subject. 7. He is the last person who can break a promise.

Ex 23 Paraphrase the parts in bold type so as to use the infinitive in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose according to the model.

Model: He raised his hand so that he might attract the students' attention.

He raised his hand to attract the students' attention.

1. They decided to have a special meeting so that they might come to some agreement. 2. She bought this book so that she might kill the time on the train. 3. Children go to school in order that they may learn things. 4. He has come here so that he may have a talk with you. 5. He repeated it several times. He wanted to make the child behave. 6. My neighbour of ten calls on me so that we may discuss politics. 7. I called at the office so that I might leave a note with the secretary for the chief. 8. The young worker followed the instructions carefully. He didn't want to spoil the machine. 9. I turned my head so that I might hear better what she was talking about. 10. He didn't mention this fact. He didn't want to hurt her feelings. 11. She spoke in a soft voice in order that she might not attract anybody's attention. 12. He paid special attention to his pronunciation. He wanted to sound natural.

Ex 24 Make up sentences according to the model.

Model: to get to this place, pass through the village

To get to this place he had to pass through the village (you must pass.../you'll have to pass..., etc).

1. understand the instructions, read them carefully. 2. in order to get better results, make an effort. 3. not make things still worse, turn and go away without saying a word. 4. not disturb her, be careful to keep very quiet about it. 5. in order not to get cold, make a camp fire. 6. have no trouble with your home-work, be attentive at the lesson.

Ex 25 Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result (see model 6, ex 21).^*

1. She was too excited, she couldn't remain silent. 2. He was so tired that he couldn't sleep. 3. She is kind enough. She will not refuse to help you. 4. Do you know him well enough? Can you speak with him on the subject? 5. She was so weak that she couldn't rise to her feet. 6. You have only to see the picture once and you'll remember it for the rest of your life. 7. He is so careful that he can't make a mistake. 8. I think you are too much excited, you can't talk about it today. 9. She was too upset. She didn't want to see anybody.

Ex 26 Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model.

Model: (a) It's hard to follow him. He speaks too fast.

He is hard to follow.

(b) It's pleasant to look at her.

She is pleasant to look at.

1. It's interesting to talk to her. 2. It was hard to understand his idea. 3. It's nice to work with calm people. 4. It was difficult to work out this problem. 5. It's not easy to find a good road here. 6. It was difficult to decide the matter.

Ex 27 Complete the following sentences according to the model.

Model: He is easy to talk to.

1. She was light on her feet and easy —. 2. The child is nice— but difficult —. 3. The old lady is hard —. 4. This fruit is nice —. 5. Her thoughts are hard —. 6. It's a good job, well paid and pleasant —. 7. A good friend is hard —. 8. The story was hard —. 9. His behaviour was difficult —. 10. The matter is easy —.

find, explain, read, arrange, dance with, please, look at, teach, have for dessert, do, believe

Ex 28 Translate the following sentences, using infinitive constructions.

1. Трудно сказать, кого он имел в виду. 2. Он был достаточно добр, чтобы не отказать нам в помощи. 3. Они остановились, чтобы передохнуть. 4. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это позвонить ему. 5. Опасно переходить дорогу в неположенном месте. 6. Чтобы не обидеть ее, мы решили вообще не говорить на эту тему в ее присутствии. 7. Вам придется выехать ранним поездом, чтобы застать их дома до того, как они уедут. 8. Врач остался еще на один час, чтобы убедиться, что жизнь ребенка вне опасности. 9. Он спокойный человек. С ним легко работать. 10. Вы должны быть очень внимательны, чтобы водить машину в большом городе. 11. Я старался много работать, чтобы не думать о том, что случилось. 12. Я думаю, что он достаточно умен, чтобы не сделать этой ошибки. 13. Дети были слишком возбуждены, чтобы вести себя спокойно. 14. Ей нелегко угодить. 15. Инцидент был слишком неприятный, чтобы говорить о нем. 16. Он первый открыл это прекрасное место для отдыха. 17. Его нелегко запугать. 18. Я вам сказал всю правду. Мне нечего скрывать от вас. 19. У меня достаточно времени, чтобы повидаться с ним. 20. От него меньше всего можно было ожидать такого поведения. 21. Она была так расстроена, что совершенно не могла говорить. 22. Первое, что нам нужно сделать,—это выработать план работы. 23. Поздно спорить об этом. Уже ничего нельзя изменить. 24. Ей очень хотелось принять участие в обсуждении этого фильма. 25. Нам повезло, что мы застали его дома. 26. Ей есть чем гордиться. 27. Он человек, с которым можно поговорить на любую тему. 28. Они уехали последними. 29. Ничто меня здесь не удерживает.

The Passive Form of the Infinitive

Ex 29 Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Active Infinitive	Passive Infinitive
He doesn't want to disturb you. I am glad to give you advice. I'd like you to understand me. They had to do the work in time. She was to meet him at the station.	He doesn't want to be disturbed. I am glad to be given advice. I'd like my idea to be understood clearly. The work had to be done in time. He was to be met at the station.

Ex 30 Give the passive forms of the following infinitives.

write, feel, reach, hold, look for, suppose, laugh at, search, fill, frighten.

Ex 31 Choose the correct form of the infinitive in brackets and fill up the blanks.

1. (і) I expect them — a telegram to me. (ii) The telegram is — immediately, (send, be sent). 2. (і) Some people like — to themselves, (ii) I don't want you — so early, (leave, be left). 3. (і) They expect you — all the lectures, (ii) They expect all the lectures — regularly. (attend, be attended). 4. (і) We hadn't reached the most northern part of the country yet, but cold began — already, (ii) We began — the discomforts of the night train very soon. (feel, be felt). 5. (і) She wants —. (ii) She wants — it. (understand, be understood). 6. (і) We were afraid — what was troubling him. (ii) She was afraid — this question. (ask, be asked). 7. (і) I am sorry — you but may I ask you a question? (ii) He was too weak —. (trouble, be troubled). 8. (і) We expected the meeting — next Monday, (ii) We expected the speaker — the attention of the audience, (hold, be held). 9. (і) He was glad — the subject. (ii) He didn't want anything — in his room. (change, be changed). 10. (і) Some changes had —. (ii) He wanted — some changes in the plan. (make, be made). 11. (і) This is only —. (ii) I don't know what — of him. (expect, be expected).

Ex 32 Translate the following sentences into English, using either active or passive infinitive according to the sense.

1. Он не любит привлекать внимание. 2. Всем хотелось, чтобы конференция состоялась в феврале. 3. Мы были рады, что добрались до деревни засветло. 4. Мы не ожидали, что решение будет принято так быстро. 5. Он рад, что ему помогают в работе. 6. Ребенок был слишком мал, чтобы его оставлять дома без присмотра. 7. Ему повезло, что его спросили первым. 8. Дети были довольны, что им дали билеты.

Ех 33 Paraphrase the following sentences, using (he passive infinitive.

Model: The house that will be built here will be a school.

The house to be built here will be a school.

1. The questions that will be discussed at the meeting are important for our work. 2. The people that will be invited to the conference must all take an active part in its work. 3. The work that must be finished today is very important. 4. There was much that could be said on the subject. 5. The railway that will be built there will join the two industrial centres. 6. He has lived in this town a long time and knows all the interesting and beautiful places that can be found here. 7. This was for him a chance that couldn't be missed.

Ex 34 Translate the following sentences into English, using the passive infinitive.

1. Этот случай нельзя было упустить. 2. У нас есть еще один вопрос, который должен быть обсужден сегодня. 3. В этом районе можно найти много красивых мест. 4. Первого Мая на улицах Москвы можно увидеть много иностранных гостей. 5. Мы все согласились, что ничего уже нельзя было сделать, чтобы помочь ему. 6. Все дома, которые будут построены на другой стороне улицы, будут учреждениями. 7. Конференция, которая состоится (будет организована) в мае, ставит очень интересные проблемы. 8. Я уверен, что факты, которые будут упомянуты в его докладе, вызовут всеобщий интерес.

Ех 35 Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the passive infinitive.

1. They were to do the work in three steps. 2. They are to discuss the question at the next meeting. 3. We couldn't calm him down. 4. You are not to eat the cake until the whole family have gathered. 5. You mustn't argue about the order. 6. One can't miss a chance like that. 7. You may make all the necessary changes any moment. 8. You must pay for the ticket immediately. 9. You mustn't mark the pages of a book. 10. You are to keep the children quiet.

Ex 36 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Работу надо сделать как следует. 2. Расписание изменилось. Его надо предупредить. 3. Такое поведение нельзя разрешить. 4. Вопрос не подлежал обсуждению. 5. Вечер не может состояться без него. 6. Инструкции необходимо соблюдать. 7. Его тоже нужно пригласить. 8. Мясо необходимо хранить в холодильнике. 9. Обед нельзя заказывать до их приезда.

Ех 37 Open the brackets, using the correct form of the verb.

LOUIS ARMSTRONG

The black man with the wonderful smile (finish singing), (raise) the trumpet to his lips, and (play). The music was jazz. It (be) exciting and happy music, and soon everyone (smile) and feeling good, clapping and swaying to the rhythm. He (finish playing) and the crowd (roar) and (applaud).

That was Louis Armstrong, one of the most famous and best-loved jazz musicians of all time. Armstrong (do) a great deal to popularize this type of music'. Jazz (bring about) by black Americans from African drumbeats, work songs, blues, spirituals, and especially the lively marching band tunes so popular right after the Civil War.

The birthplace of jazz was New Orleans. Louis (born) there on July 4, 1900. His family (be) very poor. He (love) music since he was a little boy and he used to follow street bands at parades, and even funerals just to hear the music.

On New Year's Eve, when he (be) twelve, he and his friends (have) fun with shooting a small gun. Louis (buy) his own gun and (shoot) it off. It (make) such a noise that it (frighten) everybody and suddenly Louis (find) himself in the arms of a tall policeman. He (send) to the Coloured Waifs Home, a place for black children who (get) into trouble. One of the teachers that Louis (like) a lot (be) a music teacher named Mr Davis, who (form) a band in the school. Louis (behave) himself very well and soon (ask) to join the band. Mr Davis (give) him bugle^* and cornet^* lessons and the boy (never be) happier. He (learn) quickly and soon (make) the leader.

After Louis (stay) at the Home a year and a half, he (leave) it and (go) to live with his father. Because his family (be) so poor, he (have) to go right out and earn some money, doing all sorts of jobs. He (save) a little for quite a time to buy a cornet. He (manage) to save enough money to buy a battered old cornet. He (begin) to practise and listen to music every chance he (get). Louis (get) his first job playing when he (be) sixteen, working for whatever money the customers (throw) him.

When Louis (begin) to play with the band of Fate Marble, he (learn) to read music well and also (get) a chance to play jazz for many who (never hear) it before. Louis (become) known as the best player around New Orleans.

Since 1924 Louis (have) his own band, and some of his best music (record) during this period.

On his seventieth birthday a great tribute (pay) to Louis. Many famous singers and musicians (соте) to mark the great date. Everybody (agree) Louis (be) truly the "King of Jazz".

Louis Armstrong (die) one year later, but the world (never forget) "Ambassador Satchmo" who (do) so much to make people happy and bring the people of the world together.

Ex 38 Rewrite (or retell) in narrative form the passage from the text.

From: "They turned the flashlight on us ..." up to "That's what for".