X. Choose the right preposition

1. The lungs are housed (on; in; out) a bony cage made (up of; up from; to of) the ribs, breastbone and backbone.

2. When a person breathes (out; in), the diaphragm is pulled (up; downward; out) and the ribcage is pulled (up; downward; out) and the air rushes (out; to; in).

3. Respiration is controlled (through; in; by) the respiratory center, a collection (in; of) cells (on; in; near) the brain.

4. The cells (of; on; in) the respiratory center are sensitive (to; by; on) carbon dioxide concentrations.

5. Stretch receptors send signals (from to; back to; to) the respiratory center.

6. The center responds (through; by; on) instructing the muscles (of; in; on) ribs and diaphragm.

XI. Answer the questions

1. Where are the lungs housed?

2. What is the diaphragm?

3. What happens with the diaphragm and the ribcage when a person breathes in?

4. What happens with the diaphragm and the ribcage when a person breathes out?

5. How many times a minute does respiration take place?

6. What regulates the breathing process?

7. What is specific about the cells in the respiratory center?

8. Is the respiration a quiet process? Why?

XII. Speak on the following topics using the given words

1. Inhalation: the diaphragm; to pull downward; the ribcage; to pull up and out; to rush in.

2. Exhalation: to relax; to subside.

3. Respiration: 10-15 times a minute; to be controlled by; the respiratory system; to be sensitive to; to reach a certain level; to send messages; to expand; stretch receptors; to signal back to; to relax; to take place.

4. The process of respiration: a quiet process; dust particles; sneezing; irritants; mucus; coughing.

XIII. Translate the sentences into English

1. Грудная клетка состоит из рёбер, грудины и позвоночника.

2. Диафрагма – это пласт мышц на дне грудной клетке.

3. Когда мы вдыхаем, мышцы диафрагмы сокращаются, диафрагма опускается, а грудная клетка поднимается, и воздух стремительно врывается.

4. Когда мы выдыхаем, диафрагма и рёберные мышцы расслабляются и грудная клетка опускается.

5. Процесс дыхания контролируется дыхательным центром, который находится в мозгу.

6. Клетки в дыхательном центре чувствительны к концентрациям углекислого газа.

7. Тогда сообщения посылаются из дыхательного центра к диафрагме и рёберным мышцам.

8. Когда лёгкие расширяются, рецепторы растяжения посылают сигналы назад в дыхательный центр.

9. Затем рёберные мышцы и диафрагма расслабляются, и происходит выдох.

10. Частички пыли в носу, раздражители или много слизи в дыхательном горле и бронхах могут вызвать чихание или кашель.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nerve – Part I

Nerve is an element of the central or peripheral nervous system that carries impulses, especially of sensation and motion, from the brain or spinal cord to the eyes, ears, muscles, glands, and other parts of the body. Nerves consist of bundles of fibers covered with a sheath of connective tissue and sometimes by a layer of fatty cells (myelin). Nerve impulses are transmitted by a weak electrical current that results from chemical changes taking place through the nerve wall. The final transmission, from one nerve to another or from a nerve to another structure is carried out by a chemical reaction via substances known as neurotransmitters.

Sensory nerves collect information from the body and transmit it in the form of electrical impulses to the central nervous system for action. Other nerves pick up the impulses at nerve junctions (synapses) and trigger appropriate responses. For example, specialized nerve endings in the skin may detect a sensation, such as cold, and pass the information to the brain. The brain may react by causing other nerves to stimulate shivering.

Motor nerves cause movement through the action of muscles. A reaction to intense heat, for example, causes the brain to stimulate motor nerves that cause the part of the body to be jerked away from the source of heat.

The main nerves are named according to the regions to which they branch off. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal nerves consist of 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.