8. Read and translate the text “Animal-plant differences” and find :

a) nouns in the plural form;

b) nouns in the possessive case;

c) sentences with the verb to be.

Animal-plant differences

It’s eight o` clock. Kate is hurrying to the Institute. She is the first year student of biological faculty. Her lectures begin at half past eight. Kate is afraid to be late for her classes, that’s why she is hurrying. Kate is a very responsible person. Does she walk to the Institute? No, she does not. She goes to the Institute by bus. How long does it take her to get to the Institute? It takes her half an hour to get there. Kate is at the Institute at last. Today is her first day at the Institute. She doesn’t know anybody but she is so happy to be present at lecture. Everything seems unusual and interesting to her. The girl is looking at the blackboard and sees the theme of today’s lecture. It is “Animal-plant differences”. Kate thinks that although she may place organisms without difficulty in either the plant or the animal kingdom, it is essential to know the basic nutritional differences between these two groups.

The lecturer begins with the words that plants require sunlight energy to build up their complex organic compounds (starch, for example) from simpler inorganic foods they absorb. This process is not only dependent on sunlight, but requires the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll, and a supply of water and carbon dioxide within the plant, before it can take place. “Of course”, thinks Kate, “animals do not carry out such a synthesis; they take in ready-made organic compounds by feeding on other organisms either living or dead”. “Thus”, concludes the teacher, “plants are the only organisms capable of making organic compounds and animals are dependent on them, either directly or indirectly, for their supply of these substances”.

The teacher goes on: “Animals also differ from plants in the structure of their cells. Animals` cells are bounded by a very thin layer of special protoplasm (a protoplasmic membrane). Plants` cells have a much thicker layer of dead material outside the protoplasmic membrane. This thick layer (the cell wall) is usually made of an organic substance called cellulose. Furthermore, plant cells generally have spaces or vacuoles full of cell sap within their protoplasm. Chlorophyll is not found in animals cells, but is present in small disc - shaped bodies (chloroplasts) in the protoplasm of many plant cells. The nucleus is a more or less spherical body present in both cell types.”

“The lecture is very cognitive!” says Kate to herself. “The home task for the next time is to draw a table, which demonstrates other additional differences between animals and plants,” explains the teacher. In the chart below Kate summarizes some of these differences. Let’s open Kate’s copybook and have a look at it!

PLANTS	ANIMALS
Plants generally are rooted in one place an do not move on their own	Most animals have the ability to move fairly freely.
Plants contain chlorophyll and can make their own food.	Animals cannot make their own food and are dependent on plants and other animals for food.
Plants give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide given off by animals.	Animals give off carbon dioxide which plants need to make food and take in oxygen which they need to breathe.
Plants cells have cell walls and other structures differ from those of animals.	Animal cells do not have cell walls and have different structures than plant cells.
Plants have either no or very basic ability to sense.	Animals have a much more highly developed sensory and nervous system.

9. Translate from Russian into English:

Cтруктура клеток, различия между, в зависимости от, органические соединения, выполнять/производить (зд. фотосинтез), сделан из, солнечная энергия, зелёный пигмент хлорофилл, отличаться от, способен производить, сферическое тело.

10. Make the following nouns plural:

Organism, difficulty, energy, starch, food, water, plant, substance, structure, cell, kingdom, compound, nucleus, body, vacuole.

11. Form the possessive case of the following word combinations:

Plants – cells, animals – cells, plant – cells, animals – cell, nucleus – cell, protoplasm - vacuoles

12. Fill in the necessary form of the verb “to be”:

a) Plants … the only organisms capable of making organic compounds.

b) The nucleus … a more or less spherical body present in both cell types.

c) Thicker layer of dead material outside the protoplasmic membrane… the cell wall.

d) She … the best student at our faculty.

e) Chemical laboratories … near here.

f) These flowers … in bloom two days ago.

g) The aim of my future book… …to form a theory of the role of plants in life of humans.