13. Translate sentences from Russian into English:

a) В средние века растения ценились за их медицинские свойства.

b) В Древнем Риме растения выращивались под стеклом в грядках.

c) Грядки удобрялись навозом.

d) Первые университеты были основаны в верхней Италии.

e) Сначала исследования по ботанике проводились преимущественно на службу медицине.

f) Новое понимание жизни растений было открыто с изобретением микроскопа.

g) В начале 20 века ботанические исследования поддерживались на государственном уровне.

h) В этом университете мне нравится всё.

I) Я всегда получаю только отличные оценки!

j) Не сердись на меня за долгое молчание.

Class work

14. Decide whether the following statements are true (t) or false (f), if the sentence is false, correct it. While answering use the following phrases:

Personally I am more inclined to think that…

I am not entirely convinced that…

I see things rather differently…

I quite agree, however…

1. Theophrastus undertook the comparison of plants.

2. The Venetian M. Porcius Cato travelled through large parts of Central Asia and China and thus increased the knowledge of plants, countries, people and animals.

3. The Egyptians grew their plants under a cloudless sky on naturally watered lands.

4. In the Renaissance the ideas of antiquity became popular again.

5. At first botanical research was mostly done in service of medicine.

6. Before the invention of letterpress, scientific literature was widely accessible to public.

7. At the beginning of the 16th century physiology became a topic of botany.

8. M. G. Schleiden agreed with those botanists “whose entire wisdom is spent in determining and classifying”.

9. Helen studies in the USA.

10. Helen passed all the exams with excellent marks.

11. Kate was waiting for Helen’s letter for a long time.

15. Match the word and its explanation:

1.horticulture	a. the layer of the rainforest above the forest floor but under the canopy.
2. leaf	b. a seed plant that does not have a woody stem. Every year, these plants produce a completely new stem. They are generally short lived and relatively short (compared to woody plants). Some of them include the banana, grasses, and forbs4.
3. fruit	c. the science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.
4. herb	d. an outgrowth of a plant that grows from a node5 in the stem. Most of these are flat and contain chloroplasts; their main function is to make food energy through photosynthesis.
5. shrub layer	e. the part of a flowering plant that contains the seeds. Some of them include apples, oranges, berries, maple pods, and acorns. Some of them are fleshy and some are dry, like cotton and sunflower. Not all of them are edible.

16. Answer the questions to the text:

a) How do we call a branch of science that studies plants?

b) What were plants in ancient times valued for?

c) What nation of antiquity (according to the text) had a strong liking for flowers and shrubs?

d) Where were the names of herbs with healing properties recorded in ancient times?

e) What was the name of one of Aristotle`s pupils who went beyond the sphere of medicinal and practical questions - undertook the comparison of plants?

f) What revealed to the naturalists a great abundance of plants and animals in the Middle Ages?

g) What invention contributed to the penetration of scientists deeper and deeper into the secret world of plants?

h) What didn’t Schleiden agree with the botanists of previous centuries in?