XIII. Give English equivalents

к началу века, российские владения, обширные территории, через безграничные просторы, управление отдалёнными территориями, хлопотное дело, по достижении, устареть, срочная необходимость, принять предложение, кругосветная экспедиция, умелый и опытный моряк, водоизмещением 450 тонн, бóльший из двух, российский посланник, установить дипломатические отношения, ряд важных задач, проверить и откорректировать лоции, океанографические наблюдения, измерять глубину, вошли в Тихий Океан, поднимать флаг, члены экипажа, в парадной форме, с тех пор, празднование перехода через экватор, узкий пролив, собирали образцы, заменить мачты, окутан густым туманом, покрытый лесами, через три дня, определил координаты и нанёс их на карту, снабжать едой, составил словарь языка островитян, до сих пор не известный

XIV. Tell your classmates about the first Russian round-the-world expedition unit VIII The first voyage of Russian seamen round the world,

1804 – 1806

At the end of May the ships again crossed the Equator, this time from south to north. The Nadezhda, leaving the Hawaiian Islands, sailed towards Kamchatka, while the Neva headed for Alaska.

In the middle of July the Nadezhda anchored at Petropavlovsk. The ship stayed there for six weeks, during which time the cargo was discharged, provisions taken on board and the ship repaired.

In accordance with the orders of the Russian government, the Nadezhda set out for Japan. Sailing southwards, the ship encountered a lot of hardships – dense fogs, tor­rential rains, and finally, not far from Japan, the ship was overtaken by a typhoon.

In October the Nadezhda reached the Japanese port of Nagasaki. The local authorities ordered the Russians to turn over to them all of the ship’s guns, fire-arms, and gun powder. This done, the Japanese allowed the ship to enter the harbour. Here the vessel had to stay for half a year, during which time none of the seamen were allowed to go ashore or sail in their life-boats within the harbour.

At that time Japan led a life of seclusion, avoiding all intercourse with the rest of the world. The only foreigners Japan then traded with were the Chinese and a group of merchants from Holland. The Russian envoy Rezanov could not reach agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan. He was given a letter from the Japanese emperor forbidding Russian ships to approach the coasts of that country.

On the way back to Kamchatka, Krusenstern led his ship across the Japanese Sea, hardly known to Europeans at that time. On the way he explored and made a description of the Island of Tsushima, as well as of the strait between the Island and Japan proper. Besides, his men explored all the coasts of the Island of Hokaido, which was marked on the maps existing at that time by a dotted line only. A map of all these hitherto unknown regions was made up.

Passing the Kuril Islands, the Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk. After refreshing the supplies of food and water Krusenstern set forth on another exploring voyage to the west coast of Sakhalin, which was plotted on maps.

When attempting to pass between that island and the continent, the ship came upon a big shoal, and the sea around being very shallow, Krusenstern came to the wrong conclusion that Sakhalin was a peninsula connected with the mainland by an isthmus. Only 44 years later this mistake was corrected by another outstanding Russian seaman G. I. Nevelskoi.

In late autumn, the Nadezhda came to Macao, a Portugese colony near Canton on the southern coast of China. At the beginning of December, she met there with the Neva, which had been sailing on her own for nearly 17 months. Lisyanski had explored the Hawaiian Islands, where he studied the life of the islanders. The Neva had visited Alaska and the harbour of Kodiak. The Russian settlers of Alaska joyously greeted the first ship from their motherland, a ship that had come all the way from Kronstadt.

In September 1805, the Neva left the shores of Russian America, heading for the coast of China. On the way to China they came upon a desert island, which was named after Lisyanski.

In February 1806, the Nadezhda and the Neva left Canton homeward bound.

The two ships sailed together up to the coast of Africa, but on passing the Cape of Good Hope they lost each other in a dense fog.

In August 1806, the Nadezhda anchored in Kronstadt. The first Russian cruise round the world, which had lasted three years and twelve days, had ended. The first man to welcome the seamen of the Nadezhda was Lisyanski, who had brought the Neva to Kronstadt two weeks earlier.

The expedition was of great significance for Russia. Important scientific data were obtained and a regular sea route between Kronstadt and Russian America was estab­lished.

In honour of the first Russian voyage round the world medal was issued bearing the inscription: “For participation in the voyage round the world. 1803-1806”