Vocabulary 255

advocacy advocate, delicacy delicate, fourteenth century); -age (baronage, bondage, leekage, peerage, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -al (arrival, supposal, fourteenth-century loans; acquittal, refusal, removal, fifteenth century, probably English formations); -al (poetical, analytical, grammatical, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as an extension of -ic; the rivalry of -ic and -ical still exists); -ance/-ence (acceptance, attendance, entrance, resemblance, French loans from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; utterance, furtherance, native coinages, fifteenth century); -ancy/-ency -ant/-ent (sergeancy, innocency, excellency, sufficiency, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -ation, correlating with verbal -ate, -ify, -ise (accumulation, accusation, creation, intimation, moderation, restoration; edification, justifaction; canonisation, moralisation, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but the pattern becomes really active as of the sixteenth century); -ee (donee/donor, lessee/lessor as loans in the fifteenth century restricted to legal language, extended as deverbal passive nouns beyond the legal system in the fifteenth century, e.g. assignee, grantee, appellee); -ery (ancestry, robbery, sophistry, tenantry, French loans, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; archery, beggary, buggary, husbandry, mastery, English coinages, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -ess (adulteress, countess, patroness, loans; dwelleress, huntress, shepherdess, teacheress, English formations, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -ity

(actuality, fatality, liberality, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -ise (canonise, solemnise, moralise, loans, fifteenth century; bastardise, equalise, popularise, English formations, sixteenth century); -ment (achievement, adornment, judgment, loans, thirteenth century; chastisement, incresement, endowment, annulment, English, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); -ous (poisonous, villainous, gluttonous, superfluous, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries).

4.3.3.4Zero derivation

Again, the Old English patterns continue, but due to the progressive loss of inflectional endings and the shift towards word-based morphology, the status as zero derivatives becomes more obvious, although there is no change in terms of the derivational category as such.

There are a few changes, however. Thus the adjectival bahuvrihis of the type barefoot were generally replaced by extended formations of the type long-legged, whereas the OE substantival type (paleface), which had been in the minority, continued and gradually increased its productivity, perhaps in connection with the rise of the pickpocket type (see Marchand, 1969: 388). This latter pattern appeared in the early fourteenth century and is instanced by cutpurse, pinchpenny, spillbread, etc., possibly influenced by the French pattern coupe-gorge, tire-bouchon. But since German has a similar pattern with names, cf. Furchtegott¨, Habedank, etc., the origin might be native spoken language, from where it was introduced into written language under French influence. Again, this needs further investigation on the basis of corpus-based material; here, the investigation of religious plays might also be useful.