2.6.3.5Verb morphology: introduction

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for indicative and subjunctive = 24, plus imperative singular and plural. But because of the loss of person marking in the plural and other historical developments, the maximum is actually 11. Various changes had produced considerable homophony within the paradigm, and the only material available was strong-verb vowel alternations: -e, -(e)st, -eþ, -aþ, -on, -en and zero. And of course after the ‘transition’ changes, -eþ/-aþ merged in -eþ, and -on/-en in -en, so besides zero ME has (schematically) only the strong-verb alternations, -e, -st and -n. None of the endings could be the source of the present third-person singular in -s, whose origin will be discussed later (Sections 2.6.3.7, 2.7.7.5).

2.6.3.6The verb: tense marking

Even though the most radical changes in the ME verb involved number concord, a great deal happened to both strong and weak tense marking. The original weak verb suffix was probably a reduced form of the verb ‘do’, connected to the verb root by a ‘thematic vowel’ *-i-, followed by person/number inflections. By late West Germanic we could represent it schematically as *-i- d-pers.no, e.g. 1 sg *-i-d-a > eighth-century runic -i-d-æ > OE -(e)-d-e. The thematic vowel was generally retained after light roots, and deleted after heavy ones: so OE class I weak ner-e-de ‘he saved’ vs dem¯ -de ‘he judged’. Such verbs are called respectively ‘thematic’ and ‘athematic’. Class II weak verbs, for complex historical reasons, were all thematic regardless of root type: the theme in the past was -o-, hence luf-o-de ‘he loved’. Since in late OE weak vowels had fallen together, the -e-de/-o-de distinction disappeared: by ME times there are essentially two weak verb types, thematic and athematic; I will call them Type I and Type II pasts:

These generalised patterns were, like everything else, not as clear as one might wish. In later ME, given the instability of final -e, the type I/type II contrast eventually becomes a matter of whether the (potential) -e- comes after a past suffix (type I) or before (type II), or whether the past participle ending is syllabic (type II) or non-syllabic (type I).

All possibilities are found throughout the period, at least in verse (our only source for this information, since <e> is often written where not etymologically justified, and you cannot count syllables in prose texts). We do certainly find maximal type II trisyllables, as in the thirteenth-century Poema morale (London, Lambeth Palace Library 487):

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further momentum in the early modern period; I will return to this in Section 2.7.7.3.

2.6.3.7The verb: person and number

Recall that the OE verb in ‘classical’ varieties had two plural markings: present -aþ and past indicative -on and subjunctive -en. With the late vowel collapses, these would become -eþ and -en, the first homophonous with the present third singular, the second with the infinitive marker. In the singular, first-person -e was bound to be unstable, but second-person singular -(e)st and third-person singular -(e)þ were (relatively) protected by the final consonants. But given the variation and instability in early ME, we might expect some major restructuring of verb inflection. The two categories subject to the greatest change were the plural and – much later – the present third singular.

For the rest of the story to make sense, we must note that there was another type of OE verb inflection, very different from the ‘classical’ one illustrated earlier. Some Old Northumbrian (perhaps Scandinavian-influenced) texts show a quite different present system:

For second and third singular and all plurals, then, there was a northern form in -s available from earliest OE; we will see later how it migrated south (Section 2.7.7.4).

In early texts, the present and past plurals were typically still distinct, but with some variation. During the thirteenth century the present/past ending distinction gradually erodes, and each region adopts a single plural marker, either -(e)n or -(e)þ or the two in variation (-(e)þ is a southern type, gradually replaced in the London area by the midland -(e)n).

Historically what counts is presence vs absence of plural marking, not the particular marker used. A series of eastern texts from the twelfth to the fifteenth century will indicate the direction of change. The figures below are based on samples from Peterborough Chronicle (1154), Chaucer’s Treatise on the Astrolabe (1381),

The Grocers’ Ordinances (1418) and a selection of Caxton’s prologues (1470s). This sequence is of course a kind of proxy for a ‘real’ history: there is no claim implied that any earlier language is the ancestor of any later one, except in type.