Avenues_first certificate_WB

to deny all her feelings of weakness. In addition, she put family honour first, even above her own safety. Besides, she was a Chinese woman and so am I!

4is heavier than in the winter.

5the driest place in the world.

6as hot as Saudi Arabia.

7 Hatter than Romania.

8more dangerous at sea than on land.

9most successful export is cotton.

10much thicker than it is this afternoon.

7are exported

8are spoken

Pronunciation Numbers and symbols

eighty-five per cent twenty-eight degrees centigrade three and a quarter

seven and a half three-quarters three pounds fifty

nine dollars twenty-eight

The rule for the use of 'and' when saying numbers is that you say it after 'hundred' (or 'hundred thousand') when this is followed by a number from 1 to 99 .

e.g. 4 2 0 four hundred and twenty

6 38,959 six hundred and thirty eight thousand, nine

hundred and fifty nine

You do not say it after 'hundred' when this is followed by 00 .

e.g. 2 5 , 5 0 0 twenty five thousand, five hundred

Other numbers here:

701 seven hundred and one

1,362 one thousand three hundred and sixty two 57,25 1 fifty seven thousand, two hundred and fifty one

The number '0 ' can be said in a number of ways, depending on the context. The following are some of the more common ways:

oh one seven one - seven four nine - oh five double four two minus two equals nought

five four three two one zero! two nil

fifteen love

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs

2A married couple breaks up: peace negotiations break down.

3You pull up weeds and pull down an old garden shed.

4You turn the volume up.

5For example, doing badly in a test gets you down.

6You take up a new sport and take down dictation.

7You can set up a business.

8When you stand down, you resign from an important position, e.g. as head of an organisation, often to let someone else take your place.

9Your best friends back you up. your parents bring you up and traffic jams hold you up.

10You can make up your face or a story: two friends make up after a quarrel.

Dear Patrick,

I'm very sorry to hear that you are having a lot of problems with toothache. You should take care of your teeth. You know they have to last you all your life! If I were you. I would pay more attention to my diet. I know you like chocolate, but you'd better eat fewer sweet things. Remember that sugar is bad for your teeth. You ought to eat apples and raw carrots instead.

Do you clean your teeth after every meal? Have you tried using an electric toothbrush? Make sure you brush up and down as well as from side to side.

Why don't you change your dentist? Mr Lundy is very old and doesn't know about modern dental techniques. It's best to go to a dentist who has just qualified. What about asking your cousin Denise to recommend someone?

Unless you look / If you don't look after your teeth now, they will all fall out and you won't dare to open your mouth in public or be able to smile at anyone! I suggest you take my advice very seriously.

10 look forward to

Listening The subject is smoking

The three people discuss aspects of these points in the questionnaire:

1, 2. 3. 5. ft. 8. 10

2 A 3 A 4 M 5 D 6 A 7 D 8 M 9 D 10 M

The writer was physically disabled, and was only able to paint by holding the brush between the toes of his left foot. It can't have been easy for him to do (see paragraph 3).

3 are interested in (watching) television programmes about hospitals.

4 was/felt relieved.

5 an amusing story, ft is tiring.

7the instructions on the medicine bottle confusing.

8was disappointed in the (result of the) treatment.

9something encouraging to the sick child.

10an amazing recovery from his injuries.

A n s w e r s

Exam review

Advice for Arianna:

It's important to think about what each sentence is testing. This will help you to focus your mind each time and then you can remember the appropriate grammar rules.

In the Workbook, each rewriting sentences exercise focuses on just one grammar area, e.g. comparatives and superlatives (whereas in the exam, of course, this question will test a wide range of grammar). The Workbook exercise gives you practice in all the different ways of, for example, making comparisons which you need to know at First Certificate level.

You have already done this kind of exercise in the Workbook (on pages 15, 31 and 43 ) and there are many more opportunities for practice in the following units.

Advice for Rob:

Try to do as much practice as you can with a classmate. In this way, you can get more used to speaking English and can help each other to improve.

Everyone is nervous: it's natural. But think about how much English you do know and try to relax. The first part of the exam ('Getting to know you') is the easiest part and it should help you to relax. There is nothing to 'forget' or to 'remember': you just have to talk naturally. When you start talking, you'll find that the only thing you forget is your nerves!

A minute ('Talking about photos') is actually not a very long time, so it's important to practise using the minute well. You should do the specific practice exercises in the Workbook (for example, on page 39) and revise those in the Coursebook (for example, pages 4ft-7 and 52 - 3) . There'll be more practice later in the Workbook and Coursebook.

Paolo could have done better if he had:

-followed the instructions more precisely. He didn't really compare and contrast the two photos, and he didn't talk about taking exercise and eating well as ways of having a healthy lifestyle. Instead, he described each photo in turn and then talked about how he liked windsurfing in his country.

-organised his ideas better. Because he didn't follow the instructions carefully, he seemed to say the first thing that came into his head. He also ran out of time before he had finished.

141

-used a range of language. He used a narrow range of the same simple grammar and vocabulary. He didn't use the sentence structure practised on page 46 of the Coursebook. He clearly didn't know unusual or specific vocabulary (e.g. 'He's standing on a sand dune' or 'He's wearing a cap') and had forgotten more simple vocabulary ('There's a lighter I an ashtray').

-paraphrased. He didn't try to paraphrase when he couldn't find the word he needed (e.g. 'It's a kind of bank which you find behind a beach' or 'It's something you use for putting the ash in / for putting the end of your cigarette in when you have finished smoking').

Grammar Present perfect

2 have watched Neighbours for

3 has not been spoilt

4 hasn't / has not lived in/on

5has never worked

6have just heard

7time Sean has ever had

8have not been held

9have not visited

10has been less unemployment

Writing Asking for information

This is one possible way of writing the letter:

Dear Mr Thomas,

Thank you for your letter telling me about a host family in London. I should first like to ask you about the Grove family's neighbourhood before I decide whether to stay with them.

Improving my English during my visit is very important to me. Will I be able to take English classes at the local college, or will I have to travel into central London for this?

I also wonder what kind of activities I could do there in my free time. Is there a swimming pool and tennis courts in the park? Are there pubs and discos as well as a cinema? I see there is a supermarket in the High Street, but what about fashion boutiques and bookshops?

Finally. I am sure I will often want to go into the centre of London. Can you tell me how long it takes on the underground, whether it is expensive and whether I would be able to return home late at night?

Thank you for help. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs

2 clear out

3 put them up

4 get round to

5have my parents round

6drop in

7cut across

142

Vocabulary The right word

1 Indoors: ceiling, door, floor, stairs Outdoors: roof, gate, ground, steps

2At the bottom of the house: basement, cellar At the top of the house: top floor, attic

3On the floor: mat, rug, carpet

On the bed: mattress, sheet, blanket

4On the bed: pillow On the sofa: cushion

5In the kitchen: sink

In the bathroom: basin

1 repair it 2 redecorate it 3 renew it 4 rebuild it

A n s w e r s

Vocabulary Prepositional phrases

1 by air, bus, car, plane, ship, train (means of travelling) in the air, bus, car, plane, ship, train (position)

on foot

2at sea (when living)

by land, sea (when travelling) in the world

on earth, land, the moon, the sea (position)

3 on business, holiday

4in a hurry on a journey

5at night (= time when) by day/night (= during)

1 on by 2 by 3 at on 4 on in 5 by at/by

Grammar Reported statements

2 week before he'd/he had been

3 were safer because they drove

4 she'd/she had never driven

5 were demanding an underpass there

6they were going to install

7would fail my test unless

8we weren't/were not allowed to

9informed (that) I had to

10told me not to park

Grammar Asking questions

Suggested answers:

2 that rather dangerous

3 cars had punctures

4 the lorry driver know what was happening

5you manage to catch him

6motorists use the motorway

7you any advice for motorists

A n s w e r s

Grammar Modal verbs

2couldn't / could not see

3mustn't / must not speak

4must buy a ticket

5needn't wear / need not wear / don't need to wear / do not need to wear

6ought to travel

7could you arrange

8shall I find out

9may be asked to share

10had to spend

check-in desk - security control - passport control - departure lounge - duty-free shop - boarding gate - cabin - arrivals hall

A suggested order from small to large is:

purse - wallet - bumbag - handbag - shoulderbag - briefcase - rucksack - suitcase - trunk

footbridge, pedestrian crossing, underpass •

The following need professional training:

air steward, bus conductor, ship's captain, guard, jockey, pilot, receptionist

The ship's captain and pilot need the most training, crawl - as a baby

creep - when you don't want to be seen limp - when you've hurt your foot march - as a soldier

slip - when walking on ice

tiptoe - when you don't want to wake someone up trip - when you catch your foot on a step

wander - when you have nowhere particular to go drive - a car

ride - a bicycle, a horse row - a boat

sail - a yacht

accelerate - brake

check in to - check out of float - sink

guest - host land - take off

slow down - speed up

Overtake and reverse are both actions you take when driving.

143

1 destination (all the rest are types of traveller) 2 traveller (all the rest are parts of a train)

3 lobby (all the rest are places to stay in)

into / out of: boat, car, plane, train on (to) / off: bicycle, horse, ship

5has changed

6have become

7had

8managed

9has always impressed

10won

1 1 made

12 went

1 3 happened

14has received

15have been threatened

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs

2 a 3 i 4 e 5 d 6 g 7 c 8 j 9 b 10 f

Pronunciation Weak forms

The ringed words marked with a tick were pronounced in the weak form, as a /a/ sound. The ringed words not marked with a tick were pronounced in their full form.

Listening History in the making

getting involved in politics, fighting in wars

2 T 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 T 7 T 8 F 9 F 10 T

Grammar Conditional sentences

2hadn't been colonised by the British, they wouldn't speak English there.

3 didn't often tell lies, ordinary people wouldn't/mightn't find it (so) difficult to trust them.

4entered politics, more countries would/might have a female head of state.

5hadn't been discovered, many lives wouldn't have been saved / would have been lost.

6hadn't been a statesman as well as a soldier, he wouldn't have been so successful.

2 as it was taking / as it took

3 were sleeping when

4 as soon as we heard

5while the rescue work was

6before he went / before going

7had gone down considerably by

8until/till his horse came

Vocabulary Prepositional phrases

1at a time

2at the same time

aat last / in the end

bat once

cat first

dat the moment / at present

ein a moment

1 at once

2 At first

3 At last / In the end

4 At present / At the moment

5 In a moment

Vocabulary The right word

In the case of two possible answers, use your dictionary to make sure of the differences of meaning.

2 demonstration/march

3 opposition to

4 council/government

5 banners/placards

6 riot

list - punch foot - kick gun - shoot knife - stab stick - beat

advance - retreat attack - defend capture - release defeat - victory resist - surrender

Grammar Reported questions

The conversation should be similar to this:

'What is the secret of your success?'

'Trust. I reward the animals when they perform well, and 1 will never accept a job which involves any cruelty.'

'Which animal is the most difficult to deal with?'

'The cat. Cats are more temperamental than actresses!' 'Can you remember a particularly difficult assignment?' 'I was terrified by the hungry wolves in "Company of

Wolves". But the most difficult are those commercials for Australian lager which require a lot of flies.'

'How do you catch the flies?'

'They're impossible to catch. I have to breed them at home!'

U N I T 9 LESSON 2

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs

2 g 3 i 4 c 5 h 6 1 7 b 8 e 9 j 10 d 11 f 12 a

Grammar Getting people to do things

2 I would rather you didn't smoke in here.

3 correct

4 Would you mind passing me that tile over there?

5It's time we had a coffee break.

6Why don't you get the figures checked by an accountant?

7Do you mind if I make a telephone call?

8I wonder if you could type this letter by 4 o'clock?

9correct

10Could you let me leave work early this evening?

Vocabulary Prepositional phrases

ain half, in two

bat a loss - at a profit at least - at most

at work - off work in debt - out of debt

in stock - out of stock off duty - on duty

Listening Down and out in Harlem

Clarence is living on the streets because he was in prison for eight years and, it seems, has been unable to rebuild his life. He's also an alcoholic.

2 No 3 Yes 4 Yes 5 No 6 Yes 7 No 8 No

Reading A hopeless case?

Grammar Reason, result and purpose

2because of his

3for the police to

4such a difficult job 5 in case he has to

6he could tell them about

7 as the magistrate may give

8they didn't / did not have

9lied so obviously

10speak loudly enough for

Listening A traditional family

C

2 True

3 False - the husband sorts it out.

4 True

5False - he or she is not expected to help with the work (only to look after the children when the mother is out).

6False - the most important members of the family are the grandparents. If they are no longer alive, it is the father.

146

Vocabulary Prepositional phrases

a by yourself, on your own

bat peace - at war

in general - in particular in public - in private

1 by yourself / on your own

2 in public in private

3 in particular

4 in general

5 at war

2 c 3 b 4 i 5 a 6 e 7 j 8 f 9 h 10 d

8fell for

9fall in with

10backed out

5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1

A n s w e r s

Exam review

Advice to Anke:

Doing The right word and the phrasal verb exercises in this Workbook will help you with the multiple choice gap-tilling in the exam. Don't worry if you sometimes have to guess. Even if you aren't sure of the right answer, you can make an intelligent guess by crossing out the words you know are wrong, and choosing the word which sounds best to you in the gap.

Advice to Kenji:

If you have more listening practice you will feel more confident about your listening ability and not get so nervous. Use the listening exercises in this Workbook, together with the Workbook recording, to practise listening at home. You can stop and start the recording whenever you like, and replay different bits as often as you find necessary. By being in charge yourself, you can learn not to panic.

The student has not made any grammar, spelling or punctuation mistakes in this letter, but it could be improved in three important ways:

a Letter-writing stifle

This is a formal letter to someone the writer doesn't know. It should begin 'Dear Mr Thomas', not 'Dear Richard', which is too informal. The writer has also forgotten to end the letter appropriately with 'Yours sincerely' and to add her signature.

This should be a polite letter, so 'Please give me more information' is too abrupt as a beginning.

b Paragraph organisation

In the first paragraph of this letter the writer should thank Mr Thomas for his letter, and give the writer's reason for writing, that is, to ask for more information about the area where the Grove family live. The writer should then organise the questions she wants to ask into two or three paragraphs.

This student has not done this. She has not written an introductory paragraph, and all her questions have gone together in one paragraph. The student's second paragraph is irrelevant. The information and opinions she gives in this paragraph were not asked for in the instructions. You must always follow the instructions exactly in this kind of writing task.

c Language

The student has asked appropriate questions in her first paragraph, but she has not used appropriate language. She has just copied the words which were written on the map and made them into a list of questions. She should have used her own words as far as possible to ask the questions more politely, and with similar ideas linked together.

See the sample answer for this question on page 142 .

Listening A sporting life

2 A 3 F 4 B 5 C

Grammar 'be used to doing'/ 'used to do'

1Before the invention of the record player, people used to make their own music at home in the evenings. Nowadays people aren't used to entertaining themselves. They spend most of their leisure time watching television. In spite of the long time spent in front of the television set. reading is an even more popular pastime than it used to be.

2At one time women used to have less free time than men, because they used to do all the housework, but now many men have got used to the idea of sharing the household chores.

3Entertaining friends has always been a favourite way of passing the time. The ancient Romans used to eat and drink at banquets which lasted all day and night: they probably became used to getting up the next day feeling '1!

4Today many people try to keep fit. People who use^ to sleep until noon at the weekend have now got used to getting up early so that they can run, swim or do yoga before breakfast.

5A popular hobby is collecting things. Some people collect relatively cheap objects like stamps or postcards, while others prefer antique furniture or vintage cars.

3A 'll/will be B 'll/will help

4A 'm/am going to see B 'll/will come

5A 's/is going to snow B won't/will not

Dear Sir,

I am writing to disagree with the opinions expressed by Melanie Cooke in her review of the Firecracker disco.

I do not think Ms Cooke gave Firecracker a fair chance. She must have got there too early. When my friends and I arrived, the place was bursting with an enthusiastic crowd of dancers, all enjoying the lively atmosphere.

Ms Cooke complains about the music. She cannot have stayed long, or she would have heard the biggest hits from Europe and North and South America. They probably played just a few slow numbers before the dancers got warmed up.

Ms Cooke also objects to the cost of refreshments. Admittedly this is high, but entrance charges are reasonable. You can have an enjoyable night out for less than the price of a trip to the cinema.

Altogether I think Ms Cooke's report was unfair. She should not discourage people from trying Firecracker for themselves. My friends and I can thoroughly recommend it. as we would have told her if she had spoken to us.

Yours faithfully.

3 help sleeping / falling asleep

4 spying / being a spy

5asking

6making

7people boasting

8you (from) ruining

9on studying

10 of visiting

148

5a year and a half

6master's degree

7apartment (with a friend)

8small classes

9 Russian language and culture

10 three months

1 1 certificate

12 friendly people

Grammar 'wish'/'if only'

2 If only I could drive to school every day. ,

3 correct

4 If only we had more mathematics classes this term.

5correct

6Most people today wish they earned more money.

7I wish Anita hadn't kept interrupting the teacher in

yesterday's biology class.

8correct

9correct

10If only Jola had passed all her exams when she left

school.

See Coursebook page 151 Pronunciation Word linking D.

1that are (Way 1)

2for all (Way 4)

3 are a (Way 4)

4 be open (Way 3)

5to everyone (Way 2)

6the other (Way 3)

7specialist type (Way 6)

8that's of (Way 1)

9it's all (Way 1)

10people have (Way 5)

A n s w e r s

Grammar Comparatives and superlatives (revision)

2 more interested in sculpture than

3 is the best place

4 teach as well as

5to spend less time

6twice as big as

7is the least difficult

8is much more valuable than 9 Brian behaved worst

10 isn't/is not the same as

Reading About a million dollars' worth

Some of the more valuable jewels in the Sultan's treasure collection (e.g. rubies, emeralds)

2 1) 3 F 4 B 5 H 6 G 7 E 8 A

Route the plotters will take:

1COURTYARD OF THE JANISSARIES

2GALE OF SALVATION

3SECOND COURTYARD

4KITCHENS

5GATE OF FELICITY

6WHITE EUNUCHS' QUARTERS

7STAIRS TO ROOF

8HAREM AREA

9AUDIENCE CHAMBER

10THIRD COURTYARD

11TREASURY MUSEUM

12FOURTH COURTYARD

2Who knows where we will be taking our holidays in a few years' time?

3 Correct

4You can't become an astronaut until you have got a space school diploma.

5Many countries are unlikely to have enough money to compete in the space race.

6Correct

7When Roy and Jenny graduate they are hoping to get

jobs with NASA.

8Olga hopes she will be leading / will lead a space mission in the next few years.

9The Americans are going to send a camera deeper into space than ever before to see what pictures it will send back.

10Many science fiction ideas are bound to become fact before the decade is over.

6he would be looking

7told everyone to fasten / told everyone they should fasten

8suggested (that) Frank read / suggested (that) Frank should read

9asked Gail to record

10warned Phil not to have