A confirmed letter of credit is always irrevocable. If the seller feels that the risk of not receiving payment is still too high, for example because the buyer's country's economy is unstable, he can arrange for a bank in his own country to confirm the letter of credit (this bank is then known as the confirming bank; it can be the same bank as the advising bank). This means that the seller will receive his money from the confirming bank, regardless of whether or not his invoice is paid in the buyer's country.

Формування граматичних навичок

The Passive Voice

Present perfect

Past perfect

Future perfect

EXERCISE 1 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1We turn on the light when it is dark. 2. The students finished their translation in time. 3. Helen washed the dishes. 4. Betty often took her younger brother for a walk. 5. Mother has made some coffee. 6. Have you ironed your dress yet? 7. Nina mispronounced this word. 8. They have told her the truth. 9. She promised us an interesting entertainment. 10. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 11. I shall finish my work about seven o'clock. 12. Somebody has opened the door. 1.3. The waitress brought in the coffee. 14. One of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 15. We shall finish this work in time. 16. They built this house in 1960. 17. They were selling new children's books in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 18. Alarge group of young people joined us on our way to the station. 19. Ayoung teacher started a school in this village. 20. They are translating this article now. 21. Galsworthy wrote «The Forsyte Saga.» 21. Thousands of people attended this meeting. 22. He has just interrupted me. 23. The teacher has explained it to us.

EXERCISE 2 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1. They did not invite her to the party. 2. I did not leave the window open. 3. They did not turn off the light. 4. I have invited some friends to tea 5. She has given me an English book. 6. Have you written the letter yet? 7. They have told us a lot оS interesting things. 8. The students have written the test-paper without mistakes. 9. The children have scattered about a lot of things. 10. The girl has put all the books into the bookcase. 11. Snov, will cover the fields in winter. 12. They will hand in the homework tomorrow. 13. I don't think we shall finish all the preparations today. 14. She al ways invites me to her dinner parties. 15. Shot showed me the dress which her daughter had made.16. We discussed the matter some days ago.17. Someone wants you on the phone. 18. She found my book on the window-sill. 19. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 20. Have you given the exercises to all the students? 21. The boy was angry because his mother did not allow him to go to the stadium. 22. Why have you put my books on this table?

Домашнєзавдання. Переказувати текст «Letter of credit»

Заняття № 27

Тема: Рахунок – фактура.

Мета: навчити студентів правильно користуватися лексикою до теми; розвивати навички монологічного та діалогічного мовлення, навички послідовного перекладу; виховувати культуру мовлення.

Обладнання: роздруківки завдань до теми, підручник.

Час проведення: 2 години.

План заняття

І Організаційний момент. Привітання

II. Перевірка домашнього завдання.

ІІІ. Основна частина.

Читання тексту

An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.

Payment terms are usually stated on the invoice. These may specify that the buyer has a maximum number of days in which to pay, and is sometimes offered a discount if paid before the due date. The buyer could have already paid for the products or services listed on the invoice.

In the rental industry, an invoice must include a specific reference to the duration of the time being billed, so in addition to quantity, price and discount the invoicing amount is also based on duration. Generally each line of a rental invoice will refer to the actual hours, days, weeks, months, etc, being billed.

From the point of view of a seller, an invoice is a sales invoice. From the point of view of a buyer, an invoice is a purchase invoice. The document indicates the buyer and seller, but the term invoice indicates money is owed or owing.

A typical invoice contains

The word invoice (or Tax Invoice).

A unique reference number (in case of correspondence about the invoice)

Date of the invoice.

Credit terms.

Tax payments if relevant (e.g. GST or VAT)

Name and contact details of the seller

Tax or company registration details of seller (if relevant)[e.g. Australia Business Number (ABN) for Australian businesses.]

Name and contact details of the buyer

Date that the goods or service was sent or delivered

Purchase order number (or similar tracking numbers requested by the buyer to be mentioned on the invoice)

Description of the product(s)

Unit price(s) of the product(s) (if relevant)

Total amount charged (optionally with breakdown of taxes, if relevant)

Payment terms (including method of payment, date of payment, and details about charges for late payment)

In countries where wire transfer is the preferred method of settling debts, the printed bill will contain the bank account number of the creditor and usually a reference code to be passed along the transaction identifying the payer.

The US Defense Logistics Agency requires an employer identification number on invoices.

The European Union requires a VAT (value added tax) identification number.

In Canada, the registration number for GST purposes must be furnished for all supplies over $30 made by a registered supplier, in order to claim input tax credits.

Recommendations about invoices used in international trade are also provided by the UNECE Committee on Trade, which involves more detailed description of the logistics aspect of merchandise and therefore may be convenient for international logistics and customs procedures.

Домашнє завдання. Questions for revision

Describe some of the risks which can be covered by insurance. Why do you think political risks are not usually covered by marine insurance?

Using your own words, explain the principles of insurance. Why are these principles necessary?

What is the difference between a time policy, a floating policy and a mixed policy? Give some examples of situations where the insured may prefer to choose one over the others.

Describe the two types of total loss and give some examples.

Give some examples of particular average.

What is general average? Why do you think it is fairer for the loss to be borne by all parties?