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  1. The transport document used specifically for ocean shipping is the ocean bill of lading.

  2. liner

  3. tramp

  4. coaster

  5. ocean bill of lading

  6. Road transport

  7. Goods which need careful handling, such as fruit, are often sent by road, as they only need to be loaded and unloaded once. Normally they are sent as general cargo. The carrier responsible for transporting goods by road is the haulage company.

  8. Advantages and disadvantages of road transport

  9. It is very fast over short distances.

  10. The extensive road network means that most destinations canbe reached.

  11. It is relatively secure — even valuable items such as cash reserves can be transported by specialist companies

  12. Door-to-door transportation minimises the need for handling — goods only have to be loaded and unloaded once

  13. Only small quantities can be transported.

  14. There is a relatively high risk of accidents and delays through traffic jams.

  15. It is expensive and time-consuming over longer distances; intercontinental transportation is virtually impossible.

  16. Another advantage of sending goods by road (although it is also possible with other means of transport) is the opportunity of using a grouped consignment service. If a trader only has a small quantity of cargo to send, he can collaborate with other sellers with small consignments all going to the same destination. The various part consignments are then sent together as one whole consignment, which reduces the transport costs for everybody involved. One of the people who organises grouped consignments is the forwarding agent. He is the intermediary between the buyer, seller and carriers

  17. Other services which he provides are delivering goods from the seller to the carrier, transporting goods with his own lorries, arranging special packaging and providing storage space for goods which are to be dispatched at a later date.

  18. The transport documents essential to road transport are the international consignment note (CMR) if a haulage company is used, and the Forwarding Agent's Certificate of Receipt (FCR) for transportation by a forwarding agent.

  19. haulage company

  20. grouped consignment

  21. forwarding agent

  22. intermediary

  23. consignment note

  24. Forwarding Agent's

  25. Certificate of Receipt

  26. Railway transport

  27. If goods are transported by train, the carrier is the railway company. The price of railway transport depends on how fast the goods are to travel: the slow goods train is cheaper than the passenger train, and the express train is the fastest and most expensive of all.

  28. Advantages and disadvantages of railway transport

  29. Virtually all types of cargo can The railways may

  30. be transported. be affected by

  31. strikes Virtually any distance can be

  32. covered. There is a relati-

  33. Large quantities can be transported.

  34. The transport document needed for railway transport is the rail consignment note.

  35. Air transport

  36. Air transport is chosen when the goods are valuable, fragile or urgently needed. The carrier is the airline.

  37. Advantages and disadvantages:

  38. Air transport is fast. It is relatively expensive.

  39. It is a secure form of transport, which means that insu-rance costs are low.

  40. There is no limita¬tion as to distance.

  41. It is subject to delays and strikes.

  42. It is not practical for short distances.

  43. It may be necessary to send the goods some distance to reach

  44. the cargo terminal of an airport.

  45. The transport document necessary when goods are dispatched by air is the air waybill

  46. Домашнє завдання :

  47. Questions for revision

  48. Which form or forms of transport would you choose for the following consignments, and why? What kind of cargo is involved in each case?

  1. A large consignment of cars from Hamburg to Dresden.

  2. A small consignment of flour from Wales to London.

  3. A small consignment of china from London to Moscow.

  4. An urgently needed consignment of tea from Bombay to Boston.

  5. A cargo of timber (wood) from Germany to England via Rotterdam.

  6. A consignment of diamonds from Cape Town to Cairo.

  7. A large consignment of coal from Sheffield to Leeds (both in the north of England).

  8. A cargo of bananas from the Caribbean to Dublin.

  9. A large consignment of lorries from London to Warsaw.

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