III Make up a plan of the text.

IV Translate the paragraphs in italics in a written form.

V Questions for discussion:

1. Why did people begin to make fibres themselves?

2. What man-made fibre has properties like silk?

3. What are most acetate fabrics made from?

4. Is nylon man-made fibre? Why?

5. What is the difference between man-made and synthetic fibres?

6. Where is nylon usually used?

7. What are the properties of nylon?

8. What do “blended fibres” mean?

9. What are their advantages?

TEXT C

I Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. scratchy – шершавий, колючий

2. a curl - завиток

3. spongy – пористий, пружний

4. to crease – зминати

5. tearing – розривання

6. fuzzy – пухнастий, ворсистий

7. sheen – блиск

8. worsted wool – камвольна бавовна

II Listen to the text and be ready to answer the questions:

1. Why is wool pleasant to wear?

2. How do the production processes influence the quality of wool?

III Listen to the text again. Decide if the statements are true or false.

1. Wool is very allergetic.

2. Wool is very scratchy because it is made from animals.

3. Wool has high water absorption qualities.

4. Wool resists wear and tear.

5. Wool isn’t classified according to the origin.

UNIT 4

TEXT A

I Listen and remember the following words:

1. sturdy – міцний

2. luxury – розкіш

3. hemmimg – підрубка

4. to slip – прослизати

5. to pierce – проколювати

6. stationary – закріплений, постійний

7. adjustable – змінний

8. a cord – шнурок, мотузка

9. to pull – тягнути, витягувати

10. evenly – рівно, рівномірно

11. to accommodate – налаштовувати

II Read and remember the following phrases:

1. time-consuming – потребуючий часу

2. a side-to-side stitch – дволінійний стібок

3. a reverse-cycle stitch – закріплюючий стібок

4. a general purpose foot – універсальна лапка

5. a zipper foot – лапка для вшивання потайної блискавки

6. an embroidery foot - лапка для вишивки

7. a grooved bottom – довгий жолобок

8. a quilted project – стьобаний

9. a needle clamp – затяжний гвинт

10. tug-of-war – перетягування канату

The Sewing Machine

The sewing machine is the centre for many creative hours of sewing activity. Without the sewing machine, the world would be a very different place. Like the automobile and countless other innovations from the past 300 years, the sewing machine takes something time-consuming and laborious and makes it fast and easy. With the invention of the mechanized sewing machine, manufacturers could suddenly produce piles of high-quality clothing at minimal expense. Because of this technology, the vast majority of people in the world can now afford the sort of sturdy, finely-stitched clothes that were a luxury only 200 years ago.

There are some principle parts common to all modern sewing machines. The parts may look different on different models and they may have slightly different locations.

There are many types of home sewing machines. Different models allow you to sew in one, two or three directions –forward, backward and side-to-side. The stitches formed may be straight, zigzag or automatic. An automatic stitch combines forward, backward and side-to-side stitches into a specific design. The design is repeated and forms a pattern. Automatic or reverse-cycle stitches are useful for hemming and decorating.

Basically a sewing machine is used to join together some pieces of material or to stitch a decoration onto a fabric. It sews a stitch, moves the fabric and sews the next stitch. There are sewing machines that will sew together items like shoes, tents and sails. Can you imagine things like that being sewn together by hand? Using machines for sewing has made the process much easier and faster. At top speed the home sewing machine can sew about 700 to 1.100 stitches per minute.

Sewing machine needles come in a variety of styles and sizes. The correct needle choice depends mostly on the fabric you have selected. Sharp points, used for woven fabrics, are designed to slip between the loops of knit fabric rather than pierce and possibly damage the fabric. Universal points are designed to work on both woven and knitted fabrics. The size of the needle is designated by a number. A larger number means the needle is thicker and that it is appropriate for use with heavier fabrics and heavier threads.

Stitches are made by locking the upper thread with a lower thread, carried on a bobbin. Bobbin thread tension is controlled by a spring on the bobbin case, which may be built in or removable.

A general-purpose foot, probably the one you will use most often, has a wide opening to accommodate the side-to-side movements of the needle in all types of stitches. It is also suitable for most straight stitching. A zipper foot is used to insert zippers or to stitch any seam that has more bulk on one side than the other. For some sewing machines, the zipper foot is stationary, requiring you to move the needle position to the right or left.

For other styles, the position of the zipper foot itself is adjustable. A special purpose or embroidery foot has a grooved bottom that allows the foot to ride smoothly over decorative stitches or raised cords.

A walking foot feeds top and bottom layers at equal rates, allowing you to more lazily match patterns or stitch bulky layers, as in quilted projects.

Inserting the needle you should loosen the needle clamp. After selecting the appropriate needle, insert it into the machine as high as it will go. The grooved side of the needle faces forward, if your bobbin gets inserted from the front or top. It faces to the left, if your bobbin gets inserted on the left.

The machine forms stitches by interlocking the bobbin thread with the needle thread. Every time the needle goes down into the fabric, a sharp hook catches the needle thread and wraps the bobbin thread around it. Imagine this little tug-of-war. If the needle thread tension is “stronger” than the bobbin thread tension, the needle thread pulls the bobbin thread through the top. If the bobbin thread tension is “stronger”, it pulls the needle thread through to the bottom. When the tensions are evenly balanced, the stitch will lock exactly half way between the top and bottom of the layers being sewn, which is right where you want it.