Architectural Structures

ISBN 0-18-195009-x

Copyright © G Schierle 1990-2006. All rights reserved

Portions of this document reproduce sections from the 2003 International Building Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, Virginia. All rights reserved.

AISC data, copyright © American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved

USGS data copyright © United States Geological Survey, courtesy USGS

University of Southern California Custom Publishing

C/O Chauncey Jemes

Los Angeles, CA 90089-2540 e-mail:jemes@usc.edu

Tel. 213-740-8946

Fax: 213-740-7686

Preface

To foster informed intuition for structures, this book has many illustrations visualizing structural behavior and to complement and clarify mathematical concepts. While the book is primarily targeted for students of architecture, it also serves as reference book for students of civil engineering, and professional architects, engineers, and contractors. The book is organized in six parts. Part I starts with an introduction of key developments in the historic evolution of structures and proceeds to introduce loads on buildings and basic systems to resist them. Part II introduces fundamentals: statics and strength of material, as well as analysis and design of basic elements, such as beams and columns. Part III introduces design methods: ASD and LRFD; design of masonry (ASD) and concrete (strength method); design for wind and seismic forces; as well as conceptual design, explored on case studies. Part IV introduces structure systems for horizontal spans, categorized by bending, axial, form, and tensile resistance. All systems are introduced with conceptual diagrams, describing their structural behavior and alternate options. Case studies describe their use in real projects. Part V introduces vertical structures in similar fashion. Part VI introduces material properties and details for wood, steel, masonry, concrete, and membrane structures. Appendices include math derivation, graphs and tables. Text and graphics are correlated on the same page for easy reading and comprehension. Prerequisites for the book are algebra, trigonometry, and Newtonian physics. The book can be used in courses of statics and strength of material, structure systems and structural materials. Math derivations visualized help understanding and to introduce concepts also to readers with more artistic or visual modes of learning. The book includes many graphs to streamline complex tasks. The graphs, which feature US and SI units to facilitate correlation, include:

•Design graphs for span limits and span/depth ratios

•Column design graphs

•Seismic design graphs

•Wind design graphs

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to many students and others for various contributions to this book, ranging from suggestions to illustrations; most notably drawings by Bronne Dytog and June Yip; but also Xiaojun Cheng. Lucia Ho, Maki Kawaguchi, Ping Kuo, Jennifer Lin, Sassu Mitra, Rick Patratara, Shina Rau, Srinivas Rau, Madhu Thangavelu, and Sharmilla Thanka. Students that provided data and comments include Laura Mae Bryan, Sabina Cheng, Samy Chong, Claudia Chiu, Kristin Donour, Miriam Figueroa, Ping Han, Nick Ketpura, Samuel Kuo, Jason Mazin, Neha Sivaprasad, Timothy Petrash, Musette Profant, Katie Rahill, Reed Suzuki, Bogdan Tomalevski, Carole Wong, Nasim Yalpani. Others that provided comments or material: include: Andrea Cohen Gehring, Jeff Guh, Robert Harris, Theo Heizmann, Helge Wang, Will Shepphird, Robert Timme, Matt Warren, and Walter Winkle. Architects and engineers that provided drawings include: Norman Foster, Von Gerkan Marg, Arata Isozaki, David Lawrence Gray, Paul M. Kaufmann, Pierre Koenig, Panos Koulermos, Edward Niles, Jörg Schlaich, James Tyler, Widom Wein Cohen, and Dimitry Vergun.

To my family

Units

Contents

PART I: BACKGROUND

PART III: DESIGN METHODS

8 ASD, LRFD, Masonry and Concrete Design

8-2 ASD (Allowable Stress Design)

8-3 LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design)

8-4 Masonry design (ASD)

8-10 Concrete strength design (LRFD)

3

Basic Concepts

This chapter on basic concept introduces:

•Structural design for:

•Strength

•Stiffness

•Stability

•Synergy

•Rupture length (material properties, i.e., structural efficiency)

•Basic structure systems

•Horizontal structures

•Vertical / lateral structures for:

o Gravity load o Lateral load