- •1.Иноязычная рд как цель обучения в сш
- •По адекватности процессу коммуникации
- •По способу воссоздания
- •По объему высказывания
- •Условно-речевые упражнения и средства их организации
- •Классификация ру Бухбиндера
- •Классификация Пассова
- •5. Обучение фонетической стороне говорения на разных ступенях в сш
- •14. Урок, как основа учебно-воспитательного процесса по ия в сш. Система и типология уроков ия.
- •Этапы формирования
- •Усвоение г-ки в рамках г-х структур
- •4. The latin borrowings of different periods.
- •10.Формирование навыков техники чтения
- •14. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices Phonetic stylistic devices
- •Pure Graphical Stylistic Devices
- •12. Обучение аудированию как врд
- •9. Обучение монологической стороне говорения
- •6. Обучение лексической стороне говорения
- •15. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •11. Обучение различным видам чтения.
- •8. Обучение диалогической форме говорения
- •Лингвистические особенности диалогической речи
- •Например, объясните, почему вы изучаете английский язык
- •6.The Noun
- •In the history of linguistics it is called 'The cannon ball problem' (or the stone wall problem). Category of Gender (expression of gender)
- •Category of number
- •Формирование навыков письма
- •Методика введения буквы
- •Письменные упражнения как как основа записи устной речи
- •15. Пути совершенствования процесса обучения ия на современном этапе развития метода науки. (Технология развивающего обучения. (ро))
- •11.The theory of phoneme
- •1.The morphemic structure of the word.
- •1. The word is the main unit of morphology. Linguistics has no definition of the word, suitable for this unit in typologically different languages.
- •2. The morpheme.
- •10. Categorical structure of the word
- •7.The Verb
- •Category of voice
- •The Passive Voice and the lexical meaning of the Verb.
- •The Cateory of Tense
- •Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •8. The Phrase
- •Classification of predicative word-groups
- •The Theory of Phrase
- •9. The Sentence
- •The sentence and the word group (phrase)
- •Classification of Sentences
- •3.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern English lexicone
- •2. Modern English phraseology
- •Structure of word-groups
- •Meaning of word-groups
- •Motivation in word-groups
- •Structural class-ion
- •Etimological class-ion
- •Proverbs
- •13.The theory of intonation.
- •5. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language
3.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern English lexicone
The meaning relations that hold within the voc-ry of a language between words themselves are called lexical or sense relations. Lexemes can be grouped together into lexical fields on the bases of shared meaning and that most, if not all, the voc-ry of a language can be accounted for in this way. The description of meaning, the definition of lexemes is then undertaken within each lexico-semantic field and involves defining each lexeme in relation to the other lexemes in its field. Hence, we distinguish between synonymic, antonymic andhyponymic fields.
The term synonymy derives from Greek ‘syn’ and ‘nymy’ that means ‘same’ and ‘name’ and deals with sameness of meaning.
Antonymy means ‘opposite’+’name’ and deals with oppositness of meaning.
Hyponymy means ‘under’+’name’ and refers hierarchical relationship between the meaning of lexemes in which the meaning of one lexeme is included in the meaning of another lexeme.
Origin of a word may explain how the E. voc-ry to contain so many pairs of synonyms. Synonyms may be differentiated:
By belonging to diff. dialects. This is the case with many pairs of synonyms in British and Am. English.
E.g. lift – elevator, pavement – side-walk, sweet – candy.
In some case there may be misunderstanding which works with Br.E. ‘homely’ which in Am.E. has the meaning of ‘ugly, plane’. The Am.E. equivalent of ‘homely’ is ‘homy’.
There are synonyms pairs not only between national variants of the language, but also between dialects of a national varieties of regional dialects.
E.g. heart-some – cheering, packed-lunch – snap.
By stile or level of formality. Of the synonym pair climb-ascend climb is of Anglo-Saxon origin, ascend – of Latin. In general, Latin suggests more formal synonyms.
By technicality. Many professions, trades, sports and hobbies have developed voc-ries which have special words. We refer to such words as technical voc-ry, or jargon.
E.g. optic – eye, phoneme – sound, semantic – meaning.
By connotation. One member of a pair of synonyms may have connotation not shared by the other member.
E.g. love – adore (adore has connotation of passion, love is more neutral).
Euphemism. There is a taboo at some contexts at least in referring directly to certain subject, especially death, sex and some bodily functions. Consequently euphemistic synonyms have been coined to refer more obliquely to their taboo subjects. These topics usually have colloquial or slang synonyms too.
E.g. the euphemistic synonym of ‘die’ is ‘pass away’ and the colloquial synonym (disphemism) is ‘to kick the bucket’.
There is a further kind of synonymy. Part of the meaning of two or more words are the same. There is overlack of meaning but not complete identity of meaning.
E.g. maiden – lass – girl. Girl – synonymic dominant.
Hyponymy refers to the semantic relation of generality and inclusion. The meaning of a more specific lexeme is included in that of another, a more general lexeme. A more specific lexeme is called hyponym. A more general lexeme is called superordinate term.
E.g. star (superordinate term) – sun (hyponym) – nova (hyponym), dress – shirt – hat – scarf – clothes (superordinate term) – raincoat.
Antonymy do not differentiate for formality, dialect or technicality that makes it quite a diff. kind than synonym. Antonyms occur within the same style or register but the relations of antonymy are not uniform. Kinds of antonyms:
Gradable. They are mosrly adjective. E.g. narrow – narrower – narrowest.
Complementary. The denial of one of the member of the pair applies the assertion of the other one. E.g. mail – femail, dead – alive.
Conversives, or relational antonyms. One member of the pair is the converse of the other. They represent two opposite perspectives of the same relation.
E.g. husband – wife, to receive – to give.