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7.The Verb

The verb is a part of speech, which expresses a process or action. The verb is characterized by a developed system of morphological categories. They are: tense, aspect, voice, mood, correlation, posteriority, person, number. Verbs are connected 1) with a preceding or following noun (children play, play chess); 2) with adverbs which is the most characteristic of the verb (play well); 3) occasionally with adjectives (married young). In a sentence a verb is always a simple verbal predicate. Morphologically a verb may be in a finite form or non-finite (Indefinite, Gerund, Participle). Syntactically verbs may be objective and subjective. Semantically verbs may be terminative and non-terminative, the former expressing an action limited in time, the latter expressing an action having no limits in time.

Category of voice

The category of voice is represented in M. E. by the system of opposemes: loves – is loved, to love – to be loved, etc, and it shows whether the object is the doer of the action or its object (e.g. He opened the door. The door was opened (by him)).The active voice is unmarked, the passive is marked in form and meaning. Some forms of the active voice find no parallel in the passive Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous. In addition to two voices three other voices have been suggested: the reflexive – he addressed himself the reciprocal – they greeted each other the middle voice – the door opened.

So Professor Ilyish finds 5 voices in M. E. This viewpoint was criticized by professor Smirnitsky who believed that there are only two grammatical voices – active and passive, which are clearly opposed structurally and semantically. All the other differences are lexical. An extreme point of view is expressed nowadays by V. Plotkin, who is of opinion that the English finite verb has no morphological category of voice at all, and the construction be + Ven is the nominal predicate expressing state and consequently it is a syntactical category.

Some of the western linguists find it possible to classify English voice into 3: active: I opened the door passive: The door is opened by me stative: the doo is opened

O. Jespersen distinguished 2 passive forms: actional passive and stational passive. E.g. The house is painted white every year. The house is painted white.

The problem of the combination be + Ven

Generally the combination be + Ven is considered to be passive when it denotes action (The house is painted white every year) or the compound nominal predicate when it denotes state: the house is painted white; he felt tired, etc. This combination may denote even an action of curious meaning (almost active). The man was drowned.

Practically the combination be + Ven is surely the passive voice when it is accompanied by an adverbial, a by-phrase or continuous form; and participle II is of a durative (non-terminative) verb (The door is closed at midnight (adverbial). The man was drowned by a criminal. Dinner is being served (continuous). He is loved (durative verb)).

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