- •Астраханский государственный
- •Part 1. Знакомство
- •Let me introduce myself and my family
- •Vocabulary
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin – the head of the rf government
- •Vocabulary
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •1. Accommodations and catering
- •2. Tourist attractions and entertainment
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Exercise 1
- •Freddie laker
- •Cesar manrique
- •Around the world in 222 days
- •Part 3. У врача. Медицинское обслуживание. Text 1
- •The laws of health
- •At the doctor`s
- •Text 1a
- •At the dentist`s
- •Medical assistance
- •The Doctor Arrival
- •In the Sick-Bay.
- •At the Hospital
- •The Doctor`s Advice
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 4. Моя страна. Мой город. Достопримечательности.
- •Vocabulary
- •Astrakhan
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading comprehension Text 1 Moscow
- •Text 2 The City of Astrakhan: history and present time
- •Text 3 The land of blooming lotus
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Part 5. Страны изучаемого языка (Великобритания, сша, Австралия, Новая Зеландия):географические, политические и культурные аспекты. Canada
- •New Zealand
- •Australia
- •Great Britain
- •The usa
- •Washington, d.C.
- •Canberra
- •Wellington
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 6. Наш университет. Высшее образование в России.
- •Vocabulary
- •Moscow state lomonosov university
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 7. Высшее образование в стране изучаемого языка. Ведущие мировые университеты. Higher education in Great Britain
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов text I. Read the text to yourself and suggest a title.
- •Text IV. Stanford University
- •Part 8. Покупки. В магазине. Shopping
- •The Big Stores of London
- •Shopping phrases
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Part 9. Война и мир. Угроза терроризма. World at war
- •Terrorism
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •21St Century Terrorism
- •The eu fights against the scourge of terrorism
- •Part 10. Страны третьего мира. Проблемы миграции.
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов Text 1
- •List of emerging and developing economies
- •Developing countries not listed by imf
- •Industrialization
- •Part 11. Информатизация общества
- •Informatization
- •Origin of the term
- •Social impact of informatization
- •Informatization in economic systems
- •Globalization and informatization
- •Globalization
- •Definitions
- •Information technology
- •Information Age
- •The Internet
- •Progression
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов The Internet
- •Information
- •Communication in our life
- •Social impact of the Internet
- •What is Science?
- •Technology
- •Science, engineering and technology
- •Word Bingo
- •Alfred nobel - a man of contrasts
- •Alexander graham bell
- •3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
- •4. By what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of Relativity?
- •5. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
- •Part 13 Современные достижения науки. Перспективы развития науки.
- •Text 2. What is Nanotechnology?
- •Text 3. Collider
- •Text 4. Silicon Valley
- •Text 5. Small is beautiful
- •5____________________________________________________________
- •Text 6. Big is the Best
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов History of nanotechnology
- •Nanomaterials
- •Molecular nanotechnology
- •Collider design
- •Where have I heard that name before?
- •Part 14. Выдающиеся учёные прошлого Albert Einstein
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Isaac Newton
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Nicolaus Copernicus
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Incoherency – несвязность, бессвязность, непоследовательность
- •Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Influenza - грипп
- •Valence – валентность
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Destroying forests
- •1 Damages
- •Language work
- •Language work
- •How the greenhouse effect works
- •Global warming
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Atoms, molecules and compounds
- •Chemical reactions and chemical bonds.
- •Organic compounds and life
- •Carbohydrates
Organic compounds and life
Many chemical compounds besides water are needed for life to exist. The most important are organic compounds .Chemically speaking organic compounds are carbon compounds in which the carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen .Organic compounds also frequently contain nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus .A few carbon compounds have never been included with organic compounds: carbon dioxide (C O ),carbon monoxide (C O),and carbonic acid (H C O ).
The name «organic» was coined long ago when it was thought these compounds could be formed only by living cells .Since then millions of different organic compounds have been synthesized in the laboratory. There is no longer any reason to call these compounds «organic»,but the name is so well established that it is widely used to describe nearly all carbon compounds ,essential for life or not . Carbon can combine in long chains that form the backbone of large ,complex molecules or macromolecules. The backbone of carbon atoms is called the carbon skeleton. Other atoms and molecules can attach to the carbon skeleton ,giving each macromolecule a particular structure and, therefore ,a particular function .The following sections of the chapter discuss the characteristics of the four most important classes of macromolecules-carbohydrates, lipids ,proteins, and nucleic acids.
Exercise 10. Master the active vocabulary:
compound[´kompand] - состав, соединение
hydrogen[´haidr∂d(∂)n] - водород
oxygen [´oksid (∂)n ] - кислород
nitrogen [´naitr∂d (∂)n] - азот
carbon[´ka:b(∂)n] - углерод
Exercise 11. Answer the questions:
1) What are organic compounds?
2) What elements do organic compounds contain?
3) When was the name «organic» coined?
What is a carbon skeleton?
Exercise 12. Find English equivalents for:
органические соединения; существовать; углеродные соединения; создавать (новые слова, выражения); основа.
Exercise 13. Read the text.
Carbohydrates
All known types of living cells contain carbohydrates (KAR both HY drayts; carbo = carbon, hydrate =water). In addition to carbon atoms, carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the same two-to-one ratio as water. The simplest carbohydrates are single sugars called monosaccharides (MON oh SAK uh rydz). Most organisms readily use the monosaccharide glucose (also called blood sugar) as a source of energy.
(a) In solution, glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, can exist in two forms: a straight chain and a ring form. The ring form, in which 5 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom form a closed ring, is by far the most abundant. (b) The two forms of glucose-6-phosphate.
Biologically important sugars often have a phosphate group attached to the carbon skeleton and are called sugar phosphates. The phosphate group, which is composed of an atom of phosphorus and three atoms of oxygen , is shown as P when attached to a carbon skeleton. For example , glucose-6-phosphate,which has important roles in the cells, has a phosphate group attached to its sixth carbon atom.
Several glucose molecules may bond together to build complex carbohydrates called polysaccharides(POL ee SAK uh rydz ).Starch and cellulose are the complex are the complex carbohydrates commonly formed by plants. Starch is an energy-storage and carbon-reserve compound in many plants and is an important food source for humans .The rigid walls surrounding plant cells contain cellulose, an important part of wood and cotton fibers .The human liver and muscles store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen (GLY ko jen ) ,also called animal starch .Molecules of starch, cellulose , and glycogen consist of thousands of glucose units and have no fixed size.
Exercise 14. Master the active vocabulary:
carbo-hydrate [ka:b∂´haidreit] - углевод
glucose [´glu:k∂ s] - глюкоза
phosphate [´fosfeit ] - фосфат
phosphorus [´fosf(∂)r∂s ] - фосфор
starch [sta:t ] - крахмал
cellulose [´selj l∂ z ] - целлюлоза, клетчатка
fiber [´faib∂] - волокно, фибра
Exercise 15. Answer the questions:
1) What atoms do carbohydrates contain?
2) What do most organisms use as a source of energy?
3) What are sugar phosphates?
4) What is starch?
5) What is cellulose?
Exercise 16. Change the order of ideas to that actually used by the author:
1. The rigid walls surrounding plant cells contain cellulose,an important part of wood and cotton fibers.
2. The simplest carbohydrates are single sugars called monosaccharides.
3. Several glucose molecules may bond together to build complex carbohydrates called polysaccharides.
4. All known types of living cells contain carbohydrates.
Starch and cellulose are the complex carbohydrates commonly formed by plants.
Molecules of starch, cellulose, and glycogen consist of thousands of glucose units and have no fixed size.
CONTENTS
Part 1. Знакомство. 3
Part 2. Путешествия. Различные виды путешествий и их характеристики. 12
Part 3. У врача. Медицинское обслуживание. 33
Part 4. Моя страна. Мой город. Достопримечательности. 43
Part 5. Страны изучаемого языка (Великобритания, США, Австралия, Новая Зеландия): географические, политические и культурные аспекты. 58
Part 6. Наш университет. Высшее образование в России. 79
Part 7. Высшее образование в стране изучаемого языка. Ведущие мировые университеты. 86
Part 8. Покупки. В магазине. 108
Part 9. Война и мир. Угроза терроризма. 119
Part 10. Страны третьего мира. Проблемы миграции. 126
Part 11. Информатизация общества. 151
Part 12. Область моих научных интересов. 169
Part 13. Современные достижения науки. Перспективы развития науки. 194
Part 14. Выдающиеся учёные прошлого. 216
Part 15.Экологические проблемы Астраханского региона, России и мира в целом. 232
Part 16.Научно-технический прогресс. История науки. Знаменательные научные открытия прошлого. 242