- •Астраханский государственный
- •Part 1. Знакомство
- •Let me introduce myself and my family
- •Vocabulary
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin – the head of the rf government
- •Vocabulary
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •1. Accommodations and catering
- •2. Tourist attractions and entertainment
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Exercise 1
- •Freddie laker
- •Cesar manrique
- •Around the world in 222 days
- •Part 3. У врача. Медицинское обслуживание. Text 1
- •The laws of health
- •At the doctor`s
- •Text 1a
- •At the dentist`s
- •Medical assistance
- •The Doctor Arrival
- •In the Sick-Bay.
- •At the Hospital
- •The Doctor`s Advice
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 4. Моя страна. Мой город. Достопримечательности.
- •Vocabulary
- •Astrakhan
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading comprehension Text 1 Moscow
- •Text 2 The City of Astrakhan: history and present time
- •Text 3 The land of blooming lotus
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Part 5. Страны изучаемого языка (Великобритания, сша, Австралия, Новая Зеландия):географические, политические и культурные аспекты. Canada
- •New Zealand
- •Australia
- •Great Britain
- •The usa
- •Washington, d.C.
- •Canberra
- •Wellington
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 6. Наш университет. Высшее образование в России.
- •Vocabulary
- •Moscow state lomonosov university
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 7. Высшее образование в стране изучаемого языка. Ведущие мировые университеты. Higher education in Great Britain
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов text I. Read the text to yourself and suggest a title.
- •Text IV. Stanford University
- •Part 8. Покупки. В магазине. Shopping
- •The Big Stores of London
- •Shopping phrases
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Part 9. Война и мир. Угроза терроризма. World at war
- •Terrorism
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •21St Century Terrorism
- •The eu fights against the scourge of terrorism
- •Part 10. Страны третьего мира. Проблемы миграции.
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов Text 1
- •List of emerging and developing economies
- •Developing countries not listed by imf
- •Industrialization
- •Part 11. Информатизация общества
- •Informatization
- •Origin of the term
- •Social impact of informatization
- •Informatization in economic systems
- •Globalization and informatization
- •Globalization
- •Definitions
- •Information technology
- •Information Age
- •The Internet
- •Progression
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов The Internet
- •Information
- •Communication in our life
- •Social impact of the Internet
- •What is Science?
- •Technology
- •Science, engineering and technology
- •Word Bingo
- •Alfred nobel - a man of contrasts
- •Alexander graham bell
- •3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
- •4. By what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of Relativity?
- •5. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
- •Part 13 Современные достижения науки. Перспективы развития науки.
- •Text 2. What is Nanotechnology?
- •Text 3. Collider
- •Text 4. Silicon Valley
- •Text 5. Small is beautiful
- •5____________________________________________________________
- •Text 6. Big is the Best
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов History of nanotechnology
- •Nanomaterials
- •Molecular nanotechnology
- •Collider design
- •Where have I heard that name before?
- •Part 14. Выдающиеся учёные прошлого Albert Einstein
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Isaac Newton
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Nicolaus Copernicus
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Incoherency – несвязность, бессвязность, непоследовательность
- •Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Influenza - грипп
- •Valence – валентность
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Destroying forests
- •1 Damages
- •Language work
- •Language work
- •How the greenhouse effect works
- •Global warming
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Atoms, molecules and compounds
- •Chemical reactions and chemical bonds.
- •Organic compounds and life
- •Carbohydrates
Industrialization
While the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas.
Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. The Atlantic slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound contract labor migration from Europe and Asia to plantations. Overpopulation, open agricultural frontiers, and rising industrial centers attracted voluntary migrants. Moreover, migration was significantly made easier by improved transportation techniques.
Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the Quongdong region of China were regions with especially high emigration rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of nation state formation in many ways. Immigration restrictions have been developed, as well as diaspora cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the American melting pot. The transnational labor migration fell to a lower level from 1930s to the 1960s and then rebounded.
The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its African American population. From 1910–1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated from the rural Southern United States, where blacks faced both poor economic opportunities and considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West where relatively well paid jobs were available. This phenomenon came to be known in the United States as its own Great Migration.
The twentieth century experienced also an increase in migratory flows caused by war and politics. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians moved the other way, during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. 400,000 Jews moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century. The Russian Civil War caused some 3 million Russians, Poles and Germans to migrate out of the Soviet Union. World War II and decolonization also caused migrations.
Text 6
“World War”
See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations.
The Jewish communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants. After the Holocaust (1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern state of Israel as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The second largest group were Poles, millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered Territories (see Allies decide Polish border in the article on the Oder-Neisse line). Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Vistula), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarussians, were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel and the United States.