- •Астраханский государственный
- •Part 1. Знакомство
- •Let me introduce myself and my family
- •Vocabulary
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin – the head of the rf government
- •Vocabulary
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •1. Accommodations and catering
- •2. Tourist attractions and entertainment
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Exercise 1
- •Freddie laker
- •Cesar manrique
- •Around the world in 222 days
- •Part 3. У врача. Медицинское обслуживание. Text 1
- •The laws of health
- •At the doctor`s
- •Text 1a
- •At the dentist`s
- •Medical assistance
- •The Doctor Arrival
- •In the Sick-Bay.
- •At the Hospital
- •The Doctor`s Advice
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 4. Моя страна. Мой город. Достопримечательности.
- •Vocabulary
- •Astrakhan
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading comprehension Text 1 Moscow
- •Text 2 The City of Astrakhan: history and present time
- •Text 3 The land of blooming lotus
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Part 5. Страны изучаемого языка (Великобритания, сша, Австралия, Новая Зеландия):географические, политические и культурные аспекты. Canada
- •New Zealand
- •Australia
- •Great Britain
- •The usa
- •Washington, d.C.
- •Canberra
- •Wellington
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 6. Наш университет. Высшее образование в России.
- •Vocabulary
- •Moscow state lomonosov university
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •Part 7. Высшее образование в стране изучаемого языка. Ведущие мировые университеты. Higher education in Great Britain
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов text I. Read the text to yourself and suggest a title.
- •Text IV. Stanford University
- •Part 8. Покупки. В магазине. Shopping
- •The Big Stores of London
- •Shopping phrases
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Part 9. Война и мир. Угроза терроризма. World at war
- •Terrorism
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
- •21St Century Terrorism
- •The eu fights against the scourge of terrorism
- •Part 10. Страны третьего мира. Проблемы миграции.
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов Text 1
- •List of emerging and developing economies
- •Developing countries not listed by imf
- •Industrialization
- •Part 11. Информатизация общества
- •Informatization
- •Origin of the term
- •Social impact of informatization
- •Informatization in economic systems
- •Globalization and informatization
- •Globalization
- •Definitions
- •Information technology
- •Information Age
- •The Internet
- •Progression
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов The Internet
- •Information
- •Communication in our life
- •Social impact of the Internet
- •What is Science?
- •Technology
- •Science, engineering and technology
- •Word Bingo
- •Alfred nobel - a man of contrasts
- •Alexander graham bell
- •3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
- •4. By what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of Relativity?
- •5. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
- •Part 13 Современные достижения науки. Перспективы развития науки.
- •Text 2. What is Nanotechnology?
- •Text 3. Collider
- •Text 4. Silicon Valley
- •Text 5. Small is beautiful
- •5____________________________________________________________
- •Text 6. Big is the Best
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов History of nanotechnology
- •Nanomaterials
- •Molecular nanotechnology
- •Collider design
- •Where have I heard that name before?
- •Part 14. Выдающиеся учёные прошлого Albert Einstein
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Isaac Newton
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Nicolaus Copernicus
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Incoherency – несвязность, бессвязность, непоследовательность
- •Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev
- •Vocabulary of the text
- •Influenza - грипп
- •Valence – валентность
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы
- •Destroying forests
- •1 Damages
- •Language work
- •Language work
- •How the greenhouse effect works
- •Global warming
- •Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов:
- •Atoms, molecules and compounds
- •Chemical reactions and chemical bonds.
- •Organic compounds and life
- •Carbohydrates
Terrorism
Terrorism is unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons. It is also a systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. It has been used throughout history by political organizations, by nationalist and ethnic groups, and by revolutionaries. Although usually thought of as a means of destabilizing or overthrowing existing political institutions, terror also has been employed by governments against their own people to suppress dissent; examples include the reigns of certain Roman emperors, the French Revolution, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union under Stalin, and Argentina during the "dirty war" of the 1970s. Terrorism's impact has been magnified by the deadliness and technological sophistication of modern-day weapons and the capability of the media to disseminate news of such attacks instantaneously throughout the world.
Although ancient, terrorism has become a common feature of the late 21st century, when it has raised a host of complex moral and practical issues. The spread and sophistication of modern communications has ensured that modern terrorists have an effect out of all proportion to their numbers, a factor which has been crucial to late 20th-century terrorists for whom publicity is indeed oxygen. In Europe, the IRA in the UK and the Basque separatists ETA in Spain both generated publicity out of all proportion to the number of activists engaged.
Other extremist groups, such as animal rights campaigners, anti-abortionists, and some extreme ecologists, have also used terrorism, justifying it with the familiar ‘state terrorism’ arguments. Modern crime gangs and drug barons have also acquired the resources to wage terrorist-type campaigns. Though the methods may be identical, the motivation is financial, not political. The portrayal of destruction and terror by the media underlines the core function of terrorism, which continues to be achieved by a tiny minority of zealots. Some commentators have now identified ‘cyber terrorism’, where no physical violence is threatened (or implied) to humans, but rather information systems themselves are the target. A computer virus circulated via the Internet is, in its way, as newsworthy as a traditional terrorist bomb.
Terrorism has caused many nations to develop specialist anti-terrorist units in the military or police, though the distinctions between the traditional functions of each sometimes became blurred in the process. In the British model, troops were used in support of the civil power, well demonstrated in 1980 with the storming by the SAS of the terrorist-held Iranian Embassy in London. The internationalization of terrorism generated an international response, particularly in terms of the pooling of police intelligence, although the old question of value judgments continues to enable one state's terrorists to emerge as another's political refugees. Most visibly, terrorism has resulted in the tightening-up of security at ports, airports, and public buildings. In this respect its consequences may prove more enduring than those of many aspects of conventional warfare, for they will remain with us.
In fact, our planet seems to be many more and more like a small boat driven by a fierce gale through dark and uncharted waters, with more and more people crowded on board, hoping desperately to survive. None of us can afford to ignore the condition of our fellow passengers on this little boat.
Exercise 5. Read English words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents.
Unlawful; violence; intimidating; coercing; a climate of fear; to bring about a political objective; destabilizing; overthrowing; political institutions; to suppress dissent; deadliness; technological sophistication; to disseminate news; modern-day weapons; have an effect out of all proportion; crucial; extremist groups; portrayal of destruction and terror; cyber terrorism; the target; newsworthy; internationalization of terrorism; political refugees; consequences; tightening-up of security.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text “Terrorism”.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions to the text:
What definition do the authors give to terrorism in the article?
What countries can you mention as an example of practicing terrorism in order to gain some political aims?
What role do mass media play in disseminating news of terrorists’ attacks instantaneously throughout the world?
Why do you think is publicity very important for terrorists?
What other organizations can be called terroristic?
Can you give an example when one state's terrorist emerges as another's political refugee?
Exercise 8. Speak about terrorism.