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Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»

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occasionally – порой, иногда escheat [ıs’ti:t] – переходить в казну в качестве выморочного имущества

second cousin – троюродный брат/сестра great uncle/aunt – двоюродный дедушка/бабушка increasingly – всё больше и больше, в возрастающем размере impartial – беспристрастный, не являющийся заинтересованным лицом marriage – супружество, заключение брачного союза, брак child custody – попечение и забота о ребенке child abuse – жестокое обращение с ребёнком paternity – отцовство divorce – развод division of assets – разделение имущества spousal support – денежное содержание бывшего супруга visitation – посещение ребёнка, оставленного судом у одного из супругов, дру-

гим супругом termination – прекращение, окончание, аннулирование

5.2. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или WQuestions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

Civil Procedure

1. Substance versus Procedure. Many rules and regulations in law are substantive, and others are procedural. The substantive rules tell us how to act with one another and with the government. For example, all of the following are substantive rules of law and provide a kind of command or direction to citizens:

– drive not more than fifty-five miles per hour where that speed limit is

posted;

– do not conspire to fix prices – do not discriminate against job applicants

their race, sex, religion, or national origin;

–do notdischarge

discharge permit

certain pollutants into the river without first getting a

with competitors in the market;

or employees on the basis of

2. These substantive rules are, however, rather empty unless there is some way of enforcing them. It will be of little help

to you that the law prohibits drunk driving if the law does not also give you some way to force the drunk driver or his insurance company to pay for your car. Rights are meaningless without remedies. Procedural law is the law of remedies

, procedural norms are the rules of courts and administrative agencies. They tell us how to proceed if there is a substantive-law problem.

4. Civil procedure concerns a wide range of issues which can be analyzed

in the following sequence: jurisdiction

; venue; parties; stages of a judicial pro-

ceeding.

5. Jurisdiction is the power or authority that a court has to hear a particu-

lar case. When considering the question of jurisdiction, one of the first points that must be determined is whether the case is in rem or in personam action. An in rem action is a lawsuit that is directed against property rather than against a particular person. An in personam action is a lawsuit in which the plaintiff seeks damages or other relief against a specific person or entity.

6. Venue is a statutory limitation on the geographical location of litigation

to prevent a plaintiff from suing where it would be burdensome for the defendant to appear and defend. Even when jurisdiction and venue are proper, courts may decline to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the location the plaintiff selected for the case is grossly inconvenient.

7. There are four main stages to a judicial proceeding. In sequence, they

are:

– pleadings – pretrial – trial procedure: selection of the jury, opening statements, testimony

: filing the complaint and the defense’s motions;

: discovery process, finding of facts;

on behalf of the plaintiffs and testimony on behalf of the defendants, presentation of evidence, concluding arguments, judge’s charge

to the jury, jury delibera-

tions, announcement of judgment;

– post-trial

: allocation of court costs, motions for new trial or appeal, en-

forcement of civil judgments.

8. A civil action officially commences when an individual who has a dispute with another files a complaint against that person in court. The complaint is a short and plain statement of the facts surrounding the controversy. The essential parts of the complaint are as follows: the caption, jurisdictional allega- tions, body, prayer for relief, and subscription:

– Caption must set forth: (i) the name of the court; (ii) the number assigned to the action; (iii) a designation of the pleading (e.g., «Complaint for Damages»); and (iv) the names of the parties.

– Jurisdictional allegations give grounds upon which the subject matter jurisdiction of the court is invoked.

– Body is a part of complaint which contains a statement of the facts upon which recovery is sought.

– Prayer for relief is a statement of the relief sought.

– Subscription: the complaint must be signed by the lawyer or by the party himself, where he is acting as his own counsel.

9. When it comes time to try a case, one can often opt to have either a jury (‘jury trial’) or a judge (‘bench trial’) decide the case. A bench trial takes place in front of a judge only; there is no jury involved. The judge is both the fact finder and ruler on matters of law and procedure. This means that the judge decides the credibility of the evidence presented at trial and also decides what happens at the trial according to laws and rules of procedure. In a jury trial, a jury composed of members of the community is present at the trial to act as the fact finder.

10. Stages of jury trial:

– opening statements of plaintiff and defendant; – presentation of direct evidence by the parties, with cross-examination of

each witness;

– presentation of rebuttal evidence by plaintiff and defendant; – arguments of plaintiff and defendant to jury; –finalclosing argument of plaintiff to jury; – instructions to jury by judge; – verdict of jury; – adjudication.

11. Adjudication is usually in the form of the following remedies:

– Damages are an order from the court that an amount of money must be paid to the claimant. This is called an award of damages types of damages awarded by the courts in civil cases: (i) special damages

. There are different

: this is the name for damages which can be calculated specifically; (ii) general dam- ages: these are for things which can’t be easily calculated; general damages may include an amount for pain and suffering and also for loss of future earnings; (iii) exemplary damages

(or punitive damages): these are damages which are intended to punish the defendant and not merely to compensate the claimant.

– Injunction

may be awarded by the judge where damages would not be an

appropriate remedy.

– Rectification

(or reformation) is an order from the court that a document should be altered to reflect the parties’ true intentions; the court will only grant this remedy where is it satisfied that a mistake was made in drawing up the document so that it is no longer a true version of what the parties originally agreed.

– Specific performance

is only used in contract law; specific performance

is an order of the court to do something if it is envisaged by the contract itself.

– Rescission

is also only available in contract cases; the aim is to return the

parties to the dispute as far as possible to their pre-contractual position.

12. An appeal is the normal procedure for obtaining review by a higher

court. The function of the appeal is to assure that the trial has been conducted in a lawful manner and that judgments conform to the law. An appeal normally

does not involve a retrial of the case, but is limited to a consideration of the rul- ings by the lower court. An appellate court reviews the facts and evidence presented to the lower court as they are preserved in the trial court record, and no other evidence is considered in making an appellate decision. When the court of appeal agrees to review the case it may either uphold the lower court’s decision (“affirming” the judgment) or reject the lower court’s decision and remand the

case with instructions to take whatever steps are necessary to rectify the situation.

основные источники информации: http://www.saylor.org/books/; Попов Е.Б., Халюшева Г.Р. Английский язык для студентов-юристов. Саратов: Вузовское образование, 2013. [электронное издание] URL: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/

5.2.1. Слова из текста:

conspire to fix prices – войти в сговор с целью назначения единых цен job applicant – претендент на рабочее место discharge – сбрасывать, сливать, выбрасывать discharge permit – лицензия на выброс загрязняющего вещества be of little help – приносить мало пользы law of remedies – право о способах и средствах правовой защиты jurisdiction – юрисдикция, компетенция venue – место рассмотрения дела, территориальная подсудность, судебный ок-

руг

in rem action – вещный иск in personam action – иск в отношении конкретного лица

seek damages – требовать возмещения убытков seek relief – искать судебной защиты, обращаться за защитой в суд entity – организация-субъект права, юридическое лицо, самостоятельная право-

вая единица

statutory limitation – соответствующий закону, предусматриваемый законом,

предписанный законом burdensome – обременительный; тягостный proper – правильный; должный; надлежащий, соответствующий, уместный decline – отклонять, отказывать pleadings – обмен состязательными бумагами, процессуальные действия motion – ходатайство pretrial – досудебная процедура (совещание сторон) discovery – предоставление документов суду finding of fact – установление факта по делу testimony – свидетельское показание (как доказательство, данное в устной фор-

ме под присягой или скреплённое торжественной декларацией) judge’s charge – заключительное обращение судьи (к присяжным) jury deliberations – обсуждение вердикта коллегией присяжных заседателей

post-trial – разбирательство (процедура) после рассмотрения дела судом первой

инстанции allocation of court costs – распределение судебных издержек commence – начинаться caption – заголовок судебного документа, заголовок jurisdictional allegation – относящееся к юрисдикции утверждение, заявление body – главная, основная часть (документа), текстовый блок; текстовая часть prayer for relief – прошение о предоставлении судебной защиты; ходатайство об

удовлетворении требования subscription – подпись, подписание designation – обозначение, наименование, маркировка subject matter – содержание, предмет, существо, предмет изучения invoke – ссылаться на что-л.; требовать применения чего-л.; применять (норму,

статью, оговорку, прецедент) sought – искомый, желаемый, необходимый, запрашиваемый jury trial – суд присяжных, судебное разбирательство с участием присяжных за-

седателей bench trial – суд без участия присяжных fact finder – лицо, устанавливающее и оценивающее факты; беспристрастный

расследователь фактов и обстоятельств credibility – достоверность opening statement – вступительная речь cross-examination – перекрёстный допрос (свидетеля противной стороны) rebuttal evidence – контрдоказательство, опровергающее доказательство closing argument – решающий довод, заключительное слово adjudication – разрешение дела, вынесение судебного решения; судебное реше-

ние или приговор award of damages – решение суда о возмещении убытков special damages – реальные убытки, определяемые особыми обстоятельствами

дела general damages – общий ущерб; генеральные убытки exemplary damages ≈ punitive damages – штрафные убытки; денежное возмеще-

ние в виде наказания ответчика для примера injunction – судебный запрет rectification ≈ reformation – внесение исправления specific performance – исполнение договора в натуре, реальное исполнение rescission – аннулирование, расторжение, прекращение retrial – новое слушание дела, повторное слушание дела; повторное расследова-

ние ruling – постановление, решение (суда, председателя собрания) court record – протоколы судебного заседания, материалы судебного заседания remand the case – возвратить дело в нижестоящий суд rectify the situation – исправлять положение

5.3. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Civil Remedies

1. Remedy is the manner in which a right is enforced or satisfied by a court when some harm or injury, recognized by society as a wrongful act, is inflicted upon an individual.

2. Remedies may be classified in different ways. According to their purpose, there are four basic types of judicial remedies:

– damages; – restitution; – coercive – declaratory remedies.

3. The remedy of damages is generally intended to compensate the injured party for any harm he or she has suffered. There are four types of damages, and plaintiffs may be awarded one or several of them:

– General damages are damages that cannot be calculated easily or precisely and require a judge’s or a jury’s discretion damages for loss of income and future earnings ture care; (ii) damages for pain and suffering and for loss of enjoyment of life.

– Special damages compensate for out-of pocket expenses fore trial because of the injuries suffered. A plaintiff may be hospitalized an accident, lose income, and/or pay expenses for ambulance service therapy, rehabilitation, car repairs, and so on. Lost wages between the accident and the trial are also special damages because they can be calculated exactly.

– Exemplary damages are additional damages awarded to punish the defendant for bad, insensitive to discourage tions.

– Nominal damages are awarded when a judge wants to indicate support for a plaintiff and awards a small sum, such as $1. Such an award suggests that, although the plaintiff has suffered little or no loss or harm, he or she has won a moral victory.

remedies;

. There are two main categories: (i)

and the cost of specialized fu-

already spent be-

after

, drugs,

, or uncaring behaviour. The intention is deterrence:

both the defendant and the public from committing similar ac-

4. The remedy of restitution is designed to restore the plaintiff to the posi-

tion he or she occupied before his or her rights were violated. It is ordinarily measured by the defendant’s gains to prevent the defendant from being unjustly enriched dy of restitution can result in either a pecuniary recovery

, as opposed to the plaintiff’s losses, in order

by the wrong. The reme-

or in the recovery of

property.

5. Coercive remedies are orders by the court to force the defendant to do,

or to refrain from doing, something to the plaintiff.

– An injunction as the coercive remedy is sought when the plaintiff is not interested in cash compensation as a remedy. When issuing this type of remedy, the court commands the defendant to act, or to refrain from acting, in a certain way. In the event that the defendant willfully disobeys fined, or otherwise punished for contempt

, he or she might be jailed,

– A decree for specific performance commands the defendant to perform his or her part of an unexecuted contract

after the breach of it is established. It

is issued only in cases where the subject matter of a contract is unique.

– Replevin

, also known as «claim and delivery», is a legal remedy that allows a creditor to recover personal property from a debtor. Unlike other forms of legal recovery, replevin seeks the return of the actual thing itself, as opposed to money damages. Replevin may be ordered as a final judgment, or in some jurisdictions, as a provisional remedy.

– Ejectment

is a type of specific restitution. Essentially ejectment is just like replevin except it deals with real property rather than personal property. Ejectment is a legal remedy to resolve conflicts between a landlord and tenant that can sometimes be used to remove a person from wrongfully occupying real estate.

6. Declaratory remedies (or declaratory relief) refers to a judgment of a

court which determines the rights of parties without ordering anything be done or awarding damages. By seeking a declaratory judgment, the party making the request is seeking for an official declaration of the status of a matter in contro- versy:

– for example, a party to a contract may seek the legal interpretation contract to determine the parties’ rights, or an insured of insurance coverage

under a policy;

may seek a determination

of a

– reformation as an equitable remedy is the correction or change of an existing document by court order upon petition of one of the parties to the document;

– rescission is cancellation of a contract without penalty; rescission requires that all parties be brought back to the position they were in before entering into the contract.

7. According to another classification, decisions in a civil action can be of

two kinds: provisional remedies

and final judgments:

– A provisional remedy is the temporary process available to the plaintiff in a civil action that protects him or her against loss, irreparable injury

, or dis-

sipation of the property while the action is pending. Some types of provisional remedies are interlocutory injunction

, temporary restraining orders, receiver- ship, arrest, attachment, garnishment and seizures designed to secure satisfaction of judgment.

– A final judgment is the written determination of a lawsuit by the judge who presided at trial, which renders rulings on all issues and completes the case unless it is appealed to a higher court. It is also called a final decree or final decision.

основные источники информации:: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/;

http://www.legalmatch.com/AB/

http://www.findlaw.com/

5.3.1. Слова из текста:

remedy – средство судебной защиты, средство защиты права, способ устранения

нарушения coercive – принудительный declaratory – пояснительный, разъясняющий, объявляющий discretion – дискреционное право принять решение на своё усмотрение future earnings – будущий доход, будущий заработок specialized future care – специальный уход в будущем loss of enjoyment of life – сокращение возможностей жизнедеятельности и ак-

тивности человека (связанное с болезнью или травмой) out-of pocket expenses – текущие расходы, расходы за свой счёт hospitalize – помещать в больницу ambulance service – служба скорой медицинской помощи insensitive – равнодушный uncaring – безучастный, невнимательный discourage – препятствовать, не поощрять gains – доходы, прибыль unjustly enriched – незаконно обогатившийся pecuniary recovery – взыскание денежной суммы, возвращение денежной суммы willfully disobey – умышленно не подчиняться contempt – неуважение к суду, невыполнение распоряжений суда unexecuted contract – неисполненный договор replevin – изъятие движимого имущества, иск о возвращении владения движи-

мой вещью ejectment – изъятие недвижимого имущества landlord and tenant – наймодатель и наниматель, землевладелец и арендатор status of a matter in controversy – состояние предмета спора insured – застрахованное лицо, выгодоприобретатель insurance coverage – объём страховой защиты provisional remedy – предварительное средство судебной защиты

; http://definitions.uslegal.com/;

final judgment – окончательное решение irreparable injury – непоправимый ущерб dissipation – расточение, растрачивание, потеря be pending - находиться на рассмотрении, ожидать решения interlocutory injunction – промежуточный судебный запрет temporary restraining order – судебный приказ о временном запрещении receivership – управление имуществом несостоятельного должника, конкурсное

управление attachment – судебный приказ о наложении ареста на имущество garnishment – арест имущества, находящегося у третьего лица или причитаю-

щегося должнику от третьего лица

5.4. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Civil Law and Criminal Law

1. Civil law is a form of private law and involves the relationships between individual citizens. It is the legal mechanism through which individuals can assert claims against others and have those rights adjudicated and enforced purpose of civil law is to settle disputes between individuals and to provide remedies; it is not concerned with punishment as such. The role of the state in relation to civil law is to establish the general framework

of legal rules and to provide the legal institutions to operate those rights, but the activation civil law is strictly a matter for the individuals concerned.

2. In most legal systems there is a fairly firm distinction between civil law (usually for disputes between individuals or corporations) and criminal law (for actions that are offenses against the entire society). Civil law deals with the duties that exist between persons or between persons and their governments, excluding the duty not to commit crimes. Criminal law, in contrast, has to do with crime. A crime can be defined as a wrong against society proclaimed in a statute and punishable

by society through fines and/or imprisonment – or, in some cases, death. As crimes are offenses against society as a whole, they are prosecuted by a public official, not by victims.

. The

of the

erminology

Civil and criminal law each have their own

criminal case there is a “ called and then fence lawyer may special accused is not persuade may, the

the “prosecutor”.

osecuted.

The accused may plead guilty, in which case the de-

make

circumstances

blameworthy

the

court to be lenient when passing the judgment. The accused

the other hand, plead ‘not guilty’, in which case a trial will follow. If

surrounding

accused is convicted (that is, found guilty) the judge passes a sentence. If

the accused is found ‘not guilty’,

prosecution”.

The person bringing the case is

The “accused” (or the “defendant”) is first charged

apleain

mitigation;

the crime which tend to show that the

as it might appear, in the hope that this might

he or she

will be

particular terminology.

that is, the lawyer explains

acquitted.

Figure 5. Civil Law and Criminal Law

Law

Civil Law

Dispute between private individuals

(sometimes the government is a party)

Procedural Rules

governing the proceedings in deciding

the dispute between the individuals

concerning the duty owed by one

Substantive Rules

individual to another

Violations

Civil offenses against

society punishable by a

fine or civil forfeiture

Tort

Duty

imposed

by law

Procedural Rules

governing the proceedings in

determining guilt of the accused

Treason

The crime that covers some of the

more serious acts of disloyalty

to one’s sovereign or nation

Contract

Duty imposed

by agreement

by constitution, sta-

tutes, or property rights

Others

Other duties that

may be imposed

Criminal Law

Government action against individual

for an act against society

Substantive Rules

concerning conduct that

is offensive to society

Felonies

Offenses punishable

by death or by

imprisonment

Misdemeanors

Less serious crimes

that could involve

imprisonment and/or a fine

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