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Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»

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фирма, адвокат, финансовое учреждение); 3) лицо, уполномоченное вы-

ступать или действовать от имени другого (по доверенности) in person – лично, собственной персоной quorum – кворум (число участников собрания, достаточное для признания за-

конности принимаемых собранием решений) majority vote – решение большинством голосов right of inspection – право осмотра / контроля undercapitalization – недостаток капитала; нехватка оборотных средств (ситуа-

ция, при которой у компании не хватает капитала для продолжения нор-

мальной деятельности) careless observance – небрежное исполнение, недобросовестное исполнение, не-

точное соблюдение

6.5. Дополнительная Web-информация по теме.

http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/business.html http://www.hg.org/corp.html http://www.hg.org/commerc.html http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/what-is-corporate-law.html

Corporate Law?

http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/ http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/corporations-llcs-partnerships-

etc.html – Corporations, LLCs, Partnerships, Etc. Lawyers http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/start-a-business.html

Business

http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/starting-a-business.html http://www.hg.org/busstarting.html http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/incorporation-and-legal-structures.html

ration and Legal Structures

http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/closing-a-business/how-to-close-a-business.html

How to Close a Business

– Business Law

– Commercial Law

– Small Business Law

– Starting your Business

– Business Law

–What Is

– How to Start a

– Starting a Business

–Incorpo-

6.6. Ключевые слова.

1) Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Forms of Business».

2) Употребите любые 7 из этих слов/выражений в самостоятельно составленных предложениях, используя не только содержание тематических текстов из данного учебного пособия, но и дополнительные материалы из англоязычных источников.

3) Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так, чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.

advantage articles of organization board of directors

management merger nonprofit corporation

business business entity certificate of authority closely held corporation consolidation corporate employee corporation disadvantage dissolution dividends domestic corporation double taxation employer entrepreneur fiduciary duty filing fiscal administration foreign corporation franchise general partnership involuntary dissolution joint stock company legal entity limited liability company limited partnership majority vote

operating agreement ownership interest partnership personal income tax private corporation profit corporation proprietor proxy public corporation publicly held corporation shareholder sole proprietorship stock certificate stock ledger subscription tax advantages tax return termination to be passed through to dissolve to employ to incorporate to pierce the corporate veil to raise funds to take minutes winding up

6.7. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему «Forms of

Business», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 5 и опираясь на следующие пункты плана:

– basic forms of business organization; – advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships and franchising; – advantages and disadvantages of partnerships; – advantages and disadvantages of LLC; – advantages and disadvantages of corporations.

Unit 7. Criminal Law. –

Уголовное право

7.1. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или WQuestions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

Criminal Liability

1. The most useful classification of legal liability for practical purposes is into civil law renders be punished you and, if you are found liable, you are likely to have to pay a monetary compensation called damages

civil liability is that you can always compromise a claim law, that is, you can bargain

bringing the action

see: 5.4. Civil and Criminal Law, p. 69).

conduct

because it threatens and harms with criminal liability by assigning crimes so included in criminal law are rules and procedures for preventing gating crimes and prosecuting criminals, as well as the regulations governing the constitution of courts forces, and the administration of penal institutions.

ciples. Here are some of them:

proportionality;

and criminal. The basic difference is that an infringement of criminal

you liable to prosecution and, if you are convicted, you are liable to

.Aninfraction of the civil law means that the injured party may sue

or have some other remedy awarded against you.

2. One important reason for being able to distinguish between criminal and

in relation to the civil

with the claimant (the person or company which is

against you) with intent to avoid court action (for details

3. Criminal law (aka ‘penal law’) is that branch of the law that defines

prohibited by the authorized public body and punishable by the state

public safety and welfare. Criminal law deals

and fixing punishments for them. Al-

and investi-

, the conduct of trials, the organization of police

4. As a matter of fact criminal law is based on a number of universal prin-

– criminal laws should be enforced with respect for equal treatment and

– there is no crime or punishment except as in accordance with law; – people should be free from retroactive law;

– responsibility can exist only in the presence of guilt; – the accused is presumed innocent and the prosecution must prove his

guilt beyond reasonable doubt;

– a person may not be considered guilty unless all elements of an alleged

crime have been established in his acts;

–criminalpunishment shall be applied only by a sentence of the court.

5. Under penal law most crimes are characterised by a set of the following elements (aka ‘corpus delicti

– “guilty act” (actus reus

’):

): a physical act or unlawful omission by the de-

fendant;

– “guilty mind” (mens rea

): the state of mind, or intent, of the defendant at

the time of the act;

– concurrence

of actus reus and mens rea;

– causation: the defendant’s act must be a proximate cause of the resulting

harm;

– harmful result: a harmful result caused both factually and proximately

a defendant’s act.

6. Actus reus. Every criminal statute prohibits certain behavior. Most crimes require an act of commission

; that is, a person must do something volun- tarily in order to be accused of a crime. In other words, the defendant must control the act.

7. In some instances, an act of omission

person has a legal duty to perform the omitted act. Failure

can be a crime, but only when a

or omission to act is only criminal in three situations: (i) when there is a statute that creates a legal duty to act, (ii) when there is a contract that creates a legal duty to act, or (iii) when there is a special relationship between the parties that creates a legal duty to act. Failure to file a tax return

is an example of an omission that is a crime.

8. Concerning actus reus the crimes can be divided into two categories: – conduct crimes

where the actus reus is the prohibited conduct itself; for

example, the actus reus of the offence of dangerous driving is simply «driving a

vehicle

dangerously on a road or other public place»; no harm or consequence

of that dangerous driving need be established;

– result crimes

where the actus reus of the offence requires proof that the conduct caused a prohibited result or consequence; for example, the actus reus of the offence of criminal damage

is that property belonging to another must be

destroyed or damaged.

9. Mens rea. In order to distinguish between inadvertent acts

and acts performed with a “guilty mind” under common law rules, intent is usually required. There are four different types of mens rea. Listed in order of culpability they are: intentionally or purposely regardfully, and negligently

or carelessly.

, knowingly or consciously, recklessly or dis-

10. An exception to the requirement of a criminal intent element is strict liability. Strict liability offences have no intent element. The rationale for strict liability crimes is the protection of the public’s health, safety, and welfare. The

examples of strict liability offences are vehicle code violations and tax code violations. With a strict liability crime, the prosecution has to prove only the criminal act and possibly causation and harm or attendant circumstances

, depending on the elements of the offence. Criminal penalties for strict liability offences are rather small; and in many cases conviction

is a punishment in itself.

11. Concurrence. Actus reus and mens rea must occur in conjunction with

one another in order for criminal responsibility to arise. Consequently, the actus reus must be performed by the accused at the same time as the accused possesses the mens rea.

12. Causation and harm can also be the elements of a criminal offence if

the offence requires the existence of a causal relationship

between the offender’s conduct and the particular harmful consequences. When the definition of an actus reus requires the occurrence of certain consequences, the prosecution must prove that it was the defendant’s conduct which caused those consequences to occur.

13. Participation in the crime. A crime may have many participants. The

law recognizes four types of participants to a felony:

(i) a principal

or actor is one who, with the required mental state, engages

in the act or omission that causes the criminal result;

(ii) an accomplice

is one who intentionally helps another to commit a

crime; accomplices are subdivided into:

a) an accessory before the fact –anaider

and abettor is one who aids, counsels, helps, procures, com-

mands, or encourages another in the commission of the crime;

–aconspirator

is liable for all crimes committed during and in furtherance

of the conspiracy;

b) an accessory after the fact

is one whose involvement does not begin un-

til after the crime has been completed.

14. The following general defences may excuse the person from criminal

responsibility:

– lack of age: if an offender is under 14 he is incapable of committing a

crime;

– self-defence: when people have good reason to believe they are in danger

of serious injury or death, they can use force to protect themselves;

– defence of family members: courts will not punish someone for using force to rescue a family member from attack if there was good reason to believe the victim was in danger of severe bodily injury or death;

– insanity: but everyone is presumed sane until the contrary is proved;

– duress by threats or duress of circumstances;

– automatism: it may arise as the result of a reflex action or concussion;

– entrapment: if a law enforcement officer induces a law-abiding citizen to commit a crime, which would not have been committed without the involvement of the officer.

основные источники информации: Owens K. Law for Non-Law Students. 3-rd

ed. London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd, 2001; http://www.saylor.org/books/

http://www.cps.gov.uk/

;

7.1.1. Слова из текста:

conduct – осознанное поведение prohibited – запрещённый threatens and harms – представлять собой опасность и причинять вред safety and welfare – безопасность и благополучие legal liability – ответственность перед законом, ответственность, признаваемая

судом civil – гражданский (о деле, ответственности) criminal – криминальный, уголовный infringement – нарушение закона/правила/контракта render – превращать, приводить в какое-либо состояние liable – подлежащий (чему-л.), ответственный, несущий ответственность prosecution – уголовное преследование convicted – признан по суду виновным punished – наказанный, подверженный наказанию infraction – нарушение, несоблюдение (права, закона, договора, обязанности) injured party – потерпевшая сторона sue – преследовать судом; подавать в суд, возбуждать иск, предъявлять иск damages – возмещение убытков, компенсация за убытки remedy – средство судебной защиты, средство защиты права compromise a claim – урегулировать спор мировой сделкой, заключать мировую

сделку до суда bargain – договариваться; вести переговоры claimant – истец; сторона, заявляющая требование bring action – возбудить иск, предъявить иск crime – преступление; злодеяние, нарушение, правонарушение fix – устанавливать, фиксировать; закреплять prevent – предотвращать, предупреждать investigate – расследовать; изучать (вопрос); рассматривать (дело) constitution of courts – устройство судов, структура судебной системы conduct of trial – ход судебного разбирательства police force – полицейские силы, полиция; полицейское подразделение administration – руководство, управление penal institution – исправительное учреждение; пенитенциарное, карательное

учреждение; пенитенциарий; тюрьма enforce – принудительно применять retroactive law – закон, имеющий обратную силу responsibility – ответственность; способность отвечать за содеянное guilt – вина; виновность

innocent – невиновный beyond reasonable doubt – при отсутствии разумных оснований для сомнения punishment – кара, наказание

corpus delicti [‘kо:pəs dı’lıktaı] – состав преступления actus reus [‘æktəs ‘reıəs] – лат. – виновное действие, правонарушение (т.е. та

фаза действия, за совершение которой законом предусмотрено наказание;

физическая, объективная сторона преступления), объективная сторона

преступления, преступное деяние (элемент, характеризующий объектив-

ную сторону преступления в общем праве) mens rea [‘menz ‘reıə] – вина, виновная воля, преступное намерение, преступ-

ный умысел, внутренняя сторона преступления, субъективная сторона пре-

ступления concurrence – совпадение; согласованность, согласие; стечение (обстоятельств);

пересечение в одной точке (времени и пространства) causation [kо:’zeıən] – причинная зависимость, причинная обусловленность proximate cause – непосредственная причина

proximately – непосредственно act of commission – действие (в отличие от бездействия, упущения) voluntarily – произвольно, по своей воле, добровольно act of omission – бездействие, воздержание от действия, упущение failure – неисполнение, неосуществление, бездействие, невыполнение file a tax return – подать налоговую декларацию conduct crime – вид преступления, когда противоправным считается само дея-

ние (бездействие) правонарушителя (вне зависимости от наличия или от-

сутствия негативных последствий) result crime – оконченное преступление (негативный результат или последствия

противоправного деяния являются обязательным элементом состава дан-

ного преступления) vehicle – автомобиль, автотранспортное средство criminal damage – преступное причинение ущерба

inadvertent act [,ınəd’v:(r)t(ə)nt ækt] – неумышленный поступок purposely – преднамеренно, специально knowingly – сознательно, с осознанием, с пониманием recklessly – по грубой неосторожности negligently – по неосмотрительности, по неосмотрительности strict liability – объективная ответственность (независимо от наличия вины),

прямая ответственность (ответственность без вины), безусловная ответст-

венность; строгая ответственность; абсолютная ответственность rationale [,ræə’næl] – логическое обоснование, основная причина vehicle code – законодательство о дорожном движении

mandate [‘mændeıt] – санкционировать attendant circumstances – сопутствующие обстоятельства

conviction – обвинительный приговор, признание подсудимого виновным,

судимость in itself – само по себе in conjunction with – совместно с, в сочетании с causal relationship – причинная связь felony – тяжкое уголовное преступление, фелония (категория тяжких преступ-

лений; по степени опасности находящаяся между государственной изме-

ной и мисдиминором) principal – главный виновник, исполнитель accomplice – сообщник accessory before the fact [æk’sesərı] – прямой соучастник, соучастник по выпол-

нению преступления, соучастник до события преступления aider – пособник abettor – подстрекатель, соумышленник procure – обеспечивать, снабжать conspirator [kən’spırətər] – участник преступного сговора in furtherance of – в осуществление (намерения), способствующий осуществле-

нию, совершенный в осуществление, в продолжение accessory after the fact – косвенный соучастник, укрыватель (соучастник престу-

пления); лицо, содействующее сокрытию преступника; соучастник после

выполнения преступления defence – 1) обстоятельство, освобождающее от ответственности; 2) защита (на

суде); аргументация ответчика, подсудимого; возражение по иску, обвине-

нию; возражение ответчика, подсудимого lack of age – несовершеннолетие (моложе установленного законом возраста,

лишь по достижении которого наступает полная гражданская дееспособ-

ность) commit a crime – совершить преступление self-defence – самозащита, самооборона injury – увечье; травма; вред, ущерб victim – потерпевший sane – находящийся в здравом рассудке; вменяемый insanity – невменяемость, душевное расстройство duress by threats – противозаконное принуждение под угрозой насилия, прину-

ждение путём запугивания duress of circumstances – принуждение под влиянием обстоятельств concussion – контузия, сотрясение entrapment – провоцирование на уголовно наказуемое действие, провокация

преступления с целью его изобличения

7.2. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Types of Crimes

1. The number of acts that are defined as criminal is nearly endless. Traditionally, though, crimes are grouped into six broad categories, or types: violent

crime (crimes against persons), property crime, public order crime, white-collar crime, cyber crime,andorganized crime.

2. Violent crime. Crimes against persons, because they cause others to suffer harm or death, are referred to as violent crimes; e.g. murder, rape, robbery,

abduction

ther classified by degree, depending on the circumstances surrounding the criminal act. These circumstances include the intent of the person committing the crime, whether a weapon was used, and the level of pain and suffering experienced by the victim.

3. Property crime. The most common type of criminal activity is property crime in which the goal of the offender is to obtain some form of economic gain or to damage property; e.g. arson, burglary, larceny by false pretences erty crime, as well as a violent crime, because the offender seeks to gain the property of another.

4. Public order crime. Historically, societies have always outlawed ties that are considered to be contrary to public values and morals; e.g. riot, vio- lent disorder, affray, disorderly conduct, public drunkenness, prostitution, pornography, gambling to as victimless crimes because they normally harm only the offender. From a broader perspective, however, they are deemed detrimental whole because they may create an environment that gives rise to property crimes and violent crimes.

5. White-collar crime. Crimes that typically occur only in the business context are popularly referred to as white-collar crimes. The term ‘white-collar crime’ is commonly used to mean an illegal act or series of acts committed by an individual or business entity using some nonviolent means. Usually, this kind of crime is committed in the course of a legitimate occupation

, battery, aggravated assault, etc. Each of these violent crimes is fur-

, forgery, obtaining goods

, receiving stolen goods. etc. Robbery is also a form of prop-

activi-

, and illegal drug use. Some of them are sometimes referred

to society as a

; e.g. embez-

zlement, bribery, bankruptcy fraud, insider trading, theft of trade secrets, mail and wire fraud, etc.

6. Cyber crimes are mostly not “new” crimes. Rather, they are existing crimes in which the Internet is the instrument of wrongdoing. They are committed with computers and occur in cyberspace. The examples of these crimes are:

– cyber theft: a thief with internet access

could, in theory, steal data stored

in a networked computer anywhere on the globe;

– financial crimes: computer networks provide opportunities for employees to commit crimes that involve serious economic losses, e.g. sabotage, fraud, embezzlement, and the theft of proprietary data

, such as trade secrets or other

intellectual property;

– identity theft

: it occurs when the wrongdoer steals a form of identification – such as a name, date of birth, or Social Security number – and uses the information to access the victim’s financial resources;

– cyberstalking making a “credible threat or the safety of his immediate family

– hacking

: when wrongdoers use one computer to break into another with-

: the law made it a crime to harass or follow a person while

” that puts the person in reasonable fear for his safety

;

out authorization with the purpose either to commit cyber theft or to cause ran- dom data errors on others’ computers or otherwise disrupt the target’s business.

7. Organized crime. Ongoing

conspiratorial enterprise engaged in illicit activities carried out by a group of people who are arranged in pyramid shaped hierarchy. Official usage of this term specifies that the groups engaged in these activities are motivated by profit, operate over a period of time and are willing to use violence as well as actively seeking to buy political patronage

for immunity from exposure and prosecution. Organized crime, in contrast to whitecollar crime, operates illegitimately by, among other things, providing illegal goods and services. Modern organized criminal enterprises make money by specializing in a variety of crimes, including protection rackets

smuggling loan-sharking

, bootlegging, trading in prostitution, financial scams, tax evasion,

, public corruption, political corruption, counterfeiting, black-

, gambling,

mail, criminal infringement of copyrights, health care fraud, credit-card scams and the manufacture and sale of illicit narcotics.

Actual crimes and inchoate offences

8. There are instances where a crime has not been completed but neverthe-

less an offence of a different kind is committed. These are known as inchoate

offences or incomplete crimes. There are three main inchoate offences: incitement, conspiracy, and attempt.

9. Incitement or solicitation to commit a crime is the crime of asking another person to commit a crime. Solicitation consists of inciting advising, inducing

, urging, or commanding another to commit a felony with the

specific intent that the person solicited would commit the crime. Even if the

, counseling,

100

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