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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

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[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»

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http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/what-are-the-different-types-of-

crimes.html – What Are the Different Types of Crimes?

http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/rights-of-criminal-defendants.html

Rights of Criminal Defendants

http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/criminal-sentencing.html

Sentencing

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-international-criminal-law.htm

tional Criminal Law?

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-criminal-lawsuit.htm

suit?

7.6. Ключевые слова.

– What Is a Criminal Law-

– What is Interna-

–Criminal

1) Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Criminal Law».

2) Употребите любые 7 из этих слов/выражений в самостоятельно со-

ставленных предложениях, используя не только содержание тематических текстов из данного учебного пособия, но и дополнительные материалы из англоязычных источников.

3) Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так,

чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.

–

accessory after the fact accessory before the fact accomplice act of commission act of omission actual crime

actus reus

aggravating factor attempt attendant circumstances bail beyond reasonable doubt causation claimant ≈ plaintiff community service concurrence conduct crime conspiracy convicted conviction

corpus delicti

crime criminal

injured party innocent

mens rea

misdemeanor mitigating factor organized crime parole penal institution police force political corruption probation property crime prosecution prosecutor public order crime punishment rehabilitation remedy result crime retribution sane sentencing guidelines to bring action

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criminal record criminal responsibility/liability cyber crime death penalty defence deterrence duress entrapment felony guilt incapacitation incarceration inchoate offence infraction

7.7. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему «Criminal

Law», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 5 и опираясь на следующие пункты плана:

to bring action to commit a crime to deter to enforce to impose to investigate to outlaw to plead guilty to prevent to punish to take a plea bargain victim violent crime white-collar crime

– criminal law and criminal liability; – elements of a criminal offence (‘corpus delicti’); – types of crimes; – possible reasons of punishment; – criminal sentencing.

Unit 8. Environmental Law. –

Экологическое право

8.1. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или W-

Questions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже

текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание

данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

112

Environment Protection: Explanation of Terms

1. There are some general terms and concepts which are very essential in

the context of pollution control

2. Environment or ‘natural environment’ is all living and nonliving things

that occur naturally on Earth. It includes water, air, land and interrelationship among them. Additionally, it shows the relationship between water, air, land on one side and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms on the other side.

3. Pollution means any contamination

surroundings. By pollution is meant any activity or process which causes or may cause damage and hazards or nature; this activity or process may be in the form of:

– introduction of solids, liquids or gases to air, water or ground; – noise and vibrations; – light and other radiation to the extent decided by the pollution control

authority; and

– effects on temperature.

4. A pollutant

pollution is the presence of a pollutant in the environment. Based on the nature of pollutants, environment contamination may be classified into three main forms: physical, chemical or biological:

– Physical pollution is the introduction of discarded materials into the

environment, what you might refer to as trash or rubbish. Physical pollutants are often sent to landfills, which are designated areas for trash disposal in which the waste is dumped and then covered by soil.

– Chemical pollution is defined as the introduction of chemicals into the

environment. Agricultural practices are one example of a chemical pollution source. Pesticides used to control insects and fertilizers used to make soil more fertile contain nitrogen, phosphorus and other chemicals. These chemicals can contaminate soil or run off into bodies of water where they can deplete oxygen levels. The burning of fossil fuels, which releases chemical pollutants into the air, generates greenhouse gases that lead to acid rain, cause the ‘greenhouse effect’ and contribute to global warming.

– Biological pollution is the introduction of living organisms, which

grow and become invasive, into the environment. This can force out native species. Examples include some invasive microorganisms, weed species and forest pests.

5. According to the target area there are three distinctive forms of pollu-

tion, namely:

– Air pollution is generally in the form of a gas emitted by factories,

power plants, automobiles, etc. Air pollutants are divided into five main classes: carbon monoxide, particulates, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and hy- drocarbons. The most common sources of air pollution include oil refineries, ,

is a substance that pollutes the air, water or land and thus

and environment protection:

or adulteration to the environmental

to life, either to human beings, animals, plants

113

burning of fossil fuels, factories, and incinerators, fumes from aerosols and chemicals such as paint.

– Water pollution occurs when pollutants enter into a water source such

as the ocean, rivers, lakes, or ground water

. Many of the same sources that result in air pollution can also release pollutants into water supplies through either directly leaking or spilling materials into the water or releasing chemicals into the air that then fall back into water supplies in the form of acid rain. Water pollution also results from runoff

which occurs when storm water drains off of farms or other areas carrying with it a variety of pollutants including fertilizer pesticides, and waste. Oil spills are also another source of water pollution, even on land since it can contaminate water via run off or by seeping into

the ground,

polluting ground water.

– Soil (land) pollution or soil contamination is a condition that occurs

when soil loses its structure, biological and chemical properties due to the use of various man-made chemicals and other natural changes in the soil environment. Factors that contribute to soil pollution include the use of chemicals such as fertilizers, chemical runoffs from industries and factories, toxic wastes, petroleum and other oil leaks from vehicles and improper discharge of sewage wastes.

6. Causes of pollution. Environmental pollution occurs basically due to

lack of controls and safeguards. Exploitation of natural resources, beyond the

permissible level

point of view, pollution may be either natural

, is also a basic cause for environmental pollution. From this

or man-made pollution:

– natural pollution includes earthquake, flood, cyclone, famine, drought,

etc.

– man-made pollution (aka ‘artificial pollution’) is created due to various

human activities like water pollution, air pollution, land pollution or food pollution.

7. Pollution control is the process of reducing or eliminating the release of

pollutants into the environment. It is regulated by various environmental agencies which establish pollutant discharge limits for air, water, and land. Methods of control may include:

– recycling

and reusing the products that can be used a few times so that

the waste produced from them does not deplete the environment;

– enforcement of health and safety protection (e.g. for workers handling

biological agents);

– licensing/banning specific substances; – setting of emissions controls (e.g. vehicles exhausts

, industrial emis-

sions);

– enforcement of concentrations or exposure limits

for specific target

groups (e.g. radiation workers);

– setting of guidelines/standards relating to environmental levels (e.g. air

pollution monitoring).

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8. In the USA, for instance, companies must obtain permit approvals from

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) or delegated state agencies when they discharge pollutants. The permit specifies each pollutant and sets average and maximum daily limits on each. Permit holders and furnish reports

основные источники информации: http://www.encyclopedia.com/;

http://study.com/ environmental/articles/15650.aspx; http://www.ehow.com/

8.1.1. Слова из текста:

environment – окружение, окружающая обстановка; окружающая среда pollution – загрязнение (окружающей среды); загрязненность pollution control – контроль над загрязнением окружающей среды, борьба c за-

грязнением, меры по охране окружающей среды environment protection – охрана окружающей среды contamination – отравление, загрязнение, заражение adulteration – ухудшение качества introduction of solids – внесение твёрдых веществ hazard – опасный фактор, источник опасности pollutants ≈ contaminants – загрязняющие вещества, загрязнители pollute ≈ contaminate – загрязнять (воздух, воду, окружающую среду), пачкать,

портить, понижать качество physical pollution – физическое загрязнение окружающей среды discarded – выкинутый, брошенный trash – мусор, отходы landfill – захоронение отходов, мусорная свалка disposal – размещение, захоронение, сброс deplete – истощать, уменьшать fossil fuels – горючие полезные ископаемые, органическое топливо acid rain – кислотный дождь invasive – агрессивный force out – выдавливать, вытеснять weed – сорная трава forest pests – лесные вредители target area – объект воздействия emitted – порождаемый, выделяемый, выбрасываемый power plant – электростанция carbon monoxide – окись углерода, угарный газ particulates – пылевидные вещества, аэрозольные частицы

to the authorities.

; http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-

must monitor their discharges

sulfur oxide [‘slfər ‘ksaıd] – оксид серы, сернистый газ nitrogen oxide [‘naıtrədʒən ‘ksaıd] – окись азота hydrocarbons [,haıdrə’k:rbənz] – углеводороды

115

oil refineries – нефтеперерабатывающие заводы incinerator – установка для сжигания отходов, мусоросжигательный завод fumes – испарения, пары ground water – подпочвенные воды, грунтовая вода runoff – сточные воды, слив, отходы storm water – ливневая сточная вода drain off – сливать, стекать, фильтровать fertilizer – удобрение seep into – просачиваться в toxic wastes – токсичные отходы, ядовитые отходы sewage wastes – канализационные отходы permissible level – допустимый уровень man-made pollution – загрязнение, вызванное деятельностью человека natural pollution – природное загрязнение recycling – повторное использование материалов (после вторичной переработ-

ки), возобновление, утилизация отходов, переработка утильсырья handle biological agents – работать c биологическими возбудителями болезни vehicles exhausts – выхлопные газы автомобилей exposure limit – предел облучения, предельно допустимый уровень воздействия permit approval – утверждение допуска, лицензия, разрешение Environmental Protection Agency – Управление по охране окружающей среды discharge – сбрасывать, сливать, выливать, выделять permit holder – владелец разрешения, держатель лицензии furnish reports – предоставлять отчётность

8.2. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или WQuestions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

General Principles of International Law,

as Applied to Environmental Issues

1. Since pollution does not remain confined within national borders, there are numerous environmental concerns that must be addressed by the interna-

116

tional community: issues such as air pollution (the «greenhouse effect», acid rain, and radioactive fallout); water pollution (ocean dumping, oil spills, and

contaminant runoffs, such as pesticides); soil erosion (often caused by over- grazing or the clear-cutting of all trees and most vegetation); and the degrada-

tion or extinction of plant and animal species.

2. In June 1992, delegates from more than 120 nations met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio Summit). The summit generated several documents that were intended to greatly affect the planet’s environment. One of them is the Rio Declaration, a short statement that outlines 27 principles linking environmental protection and economic development. All these principles for convenience may be grouped together and classified into (i) general principles of international law, as applied to environmental issues; and (ii) principles of environmental law in the strict sense. The distinction is, however, not always clear, as far as all these principles are deeply interrelated.

3. The general principles of international law, as applied to environmental issues, are as follows:

4. The principle of state sovereignty:

– “States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.”

5. The principle of peaceful coexistence:

– “Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.”

– “States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.”

–“Warfare

is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary.”

6. The preventative principle

The duty inherent in this principle is a moral obligation to prevent, reduce

and control transboundary

environmental harm. All members of the international community are under an obligation not to cause damage to the environment beyond their jurisdiction. “States shall take all measures necessary to ensure that activities under their jurisdiction or control are so conducted as not to cause damage by pollution to other states and their environment, and that pollution arising from incidents

or activities under their jurisdiction or control does

not spread beyond the areas where they exercise sovereign rights.”

7. The principle of access to information and to justice:

117

– “States shall immediately notify other states of any natural disasters or

other emergencies

that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those states. Every effort shall be made by the international community to help states so afflicted

.”

– “States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected states on activities that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with those states at an early stage and in good faith.”

– “States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness

and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress

and remedy, shall be provided.”

8. The principle of cooperation:

– “States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfillment of the principles of environmental law and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development.”

– “States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve tect and restore

– “States should cooperate to promote a supportive

the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem.”

and open international

, pro-

economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address

the problems of environmental degradation. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.”

основные источники информации: Emerson R.W. Business Law: Business Review Books. 4-th ed. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 2004;

http://www.un.org/documents/

8.2.1. Слова из текста:

confined – ограниченный, изолированный radioactive fallout – радиоактивные осадки oil spills – разливы нефти

contaminant runoff [kən’tæmınənt ‘rnf] – утечка (слив) вредных веществ pesticide – пестицид, химическое средство для борьбы с вредителями overgrazing – чрезмерный выпас, выбивание пастбища clear-cutting – сплошная рубка леса extinction – вымирание, исчезновение, уничтожение interrelated – взаимосвязанный interdependent – взаимозависимый indivisible – неразделимый, единый warfare – война, военные действия inherently destructive – сама по себе разрушительная сила sustainable development – устойчивое экономическое развитие, непрерывное

развитие

118

preventative principle – принцип профилактической работы, принцип предот-

вращения опасности transboundary – трансграничный incident – происшествие, случай, инцидент natural disaster – стихийное бедствие, природная катастрофа emergencies – аварийные случаи, чрезвычайные происшествия afflict – причинить страдание, задевать, беспокоить, огорчать public awareness – общественная осведомлённость public participation – участие общественности redress – возмещение, компенсация (убытка, ущерба) remedy – средство судебной защиты, средство защиты права, мера (против чего-

либо) conserve ≈ preserve – беречь, охранять природу, сберегать, сохранять restore – компенсировать, восстановить, возвращать в прежнее состояние supportive – поддерживающий, благоприятный, оказывающий поддержку address – направлять силы или энергию, браться за

8.3. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Environmental Law: Policies and Legal Processes

1. Sustainable development or sustainability refers to the need for development to be socially, economically and environmentally sound in order to meet the needs of today without compromising the needs of future generations In other words, when people make decisions about how to use the Earth’s resources such as forests, water, minerals, wildlife count not only how much of these resources they are using but also whether the environment will be saved for our grandchildren and there will be enough resources left for them.

2. Intergenerational equity

. Sustainable development is advancement that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The current generation should make sure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment continues for the bene-

119

, etc., they must take into ac-

fit of future generations. “The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.” The principle contemplates

state of technology

and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet

the idea of limitations imposed by the

present and future needs.

3. Conservation

ciple means conserving the diversity of flora

of biological diversity and ecological integrity.This prin-

and fauna and the health and sustainability of ecosystems. The international community should seek to maintain three important aspects of life on Earth: the natural diversity found in living systems (biological diversity); the composition, structure, and function of those systems (ecological integrity); and their resiliency

and ability to endure over

time (ecological health).

4. Public participation in decision making presupposes that:

– “Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.”

– “The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge

a global partnership in order to achieve sustainable devel-

opment and ensure a better future for all.”

5. Precautionary principle

. Environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. “In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for post- poning cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.”

6. Pollution prevention. The pollution prevention

approach focuses directly on the use of processes, practices, materials and energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and wastes at source

, and not on “add-on” abate- ment measures. Pollution prevention promotes continuous improvement through operational and behavioural changes

. Pollution prevention is a shared responsibility among governments and individuals, industrial, commercial, institutional, and community sectors. It gives careful consideration to areas such as: substances of concern training; operating practices

; efficient use and conservation of natural resources;

; clean production processes which create less waste; equipment modifications; process changes; materials and feedstock subs- titution; reformulation; product life-cycle.

7. Integration principle. This means taking the assessment of environ-

mental impacts into account when making decisions. Environmental protection requires that due consideration be given to the potential consequences of environmentally fateful decisions. “Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a

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