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Файл:Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»
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7. The freedom of studies, research work and artistic creativity is ex-
pressed in the following rights of students:
– to choose a higher education institution, faculty and department;
– to change their study program during their period of training, choosing
the same study program in another higher education institution, faculty or department;
–toattend
lectures in other institutions of higher education, faculties or
departments;
–todraw up
and acquire the free elective part of individual studies; and
– to be engaged in scientific research and artistic work.
8. The administration of a higher education institution has a duty to guar-
antee and respect the rights of students and academic staff.
1.2.1. Слова из текста:
education law – законодательство в сфере образования
funding – финансирование, выделение средств
management issues – вопросы организации (образовательных услуг)
comply with requirements – соответствовать требованиям
equal opportunities – равные возможности (в сфере образования)
academic freedom – академическая свобода (право преподавателя определять
конкретное содержание курса, материал для изучения без правительствен-
ного контроля)
distance learning – дистанционное обучение
privacy issue – проблема сохранения частной информации
digital environment – в условиях цифровых технологий
special education issues – вопросы по организации особых образовательных услуг
appropriate treatment – соответствующая помощь, соответствующее обращение с
learning disability – затруднения при обучении; физические нарушения/ инва-
лидность, влияющие на обучение
differentiation – проявление неодинакового отношения, установление различий;
предоставление особых льгот; дифференциация
self-governance – автономия, самоуправление
founders – учредители
in compliance with – в соответствии с
scientific research – научные исследования
work remuneration – оплата труда, вознаграждение за работу
publicity and accessibility – гласность и доступность
fairness and transparency – равнодоступность и открытость
pursue science – заниматься наукой
study methods – методы организации обучения
artistic creativity – художественное творчество
attend – посещать, присутствовать
draw up – составлять, вырабатывать, проектировать
11
1.2.2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What management issues are covered by education law?
2. What does equality in education mean?
3. What does the term ‘academic freedom’ mean?
4. What fundamentals is the autonomy of institutions of higher education
based on?
5. What rights is academic staff entitled to?
6. What rights are given to higher education institutions?
7. What rights does education law provide for students?
1.3. Прочитайте и переведите представленные ниже утверждения. Выразите согласие или несогласие с этими утверждениями, используя типовые фразы из Приложения 4:
1. A ‘college diploma’ itself is an equivalent to ‘higher education’.
2. A student, who is not ready to spend twenty-four hours a day on getting
deep knowledge and professional skills, cannot think of becoming a lawyer.
3. Higher education establishments promote cultural and technologic de-
velopment in all spheres of our life.
4. Our world will become much more peaceful and stable if higher educa-
tion is free all over the globe.
5. Instructors in American colleges usually have doctorate degrees and af-
ter two or three years of teaching they may seek tenure.
6. It is better not to waste your lifetime on education because there are so
many other more important and interesting things.
7. It is difficult for persons from low-income families to get higher educa-
tion if they do not have additional sources of cash.
8. All of us have equal opportunities, abilities and aptitude for learning.
9. Nowadays higher education is free in most countries of our planet.
10. Only hard-working undergraduates have a chance to continue their
education and get a Master’s degree.
11. Students need patience, persistence and diligence in order to succeed in
all college courses because it is undesirable to give more attention only to major
subjects.
12. Today almost 85 per cent of our fellow citizens in Russia have got
higher education.
13. We should understand that higher education might not always be the
best choice for everyone.
1.4. Ключевые слова.
1) Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Higher Education».
2) Употребите любые 7 из этих слов/выражений в самостоятельно со-
ставленных предложениях, используя не только содержание тематических
12
текстов из данного учебного пособия, но и дополнительные материалы из
англоязычных источников.
3) Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так,
чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.
academic freedom
academic rank
academic staff
bachelor degree ≈ first degree
Bachelor of Laws ≈ LLB
college
doctorate ≈ degree of doctor
education law
full-time
general education
graduate
higher education
higher education institution
law school
master’s degree ≈ degree of master
Master of Laws ≈ LLM
moot
1.5. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему «Higher
Education», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 5 и
опираясь на следующие пункты плана:
part-time
(full) professor
postgraduate
practical training
professional training
scientific research
subject
tenure
term paper
attend lectures and seminars
to award a degree
to enter a college
to pass an examination
to qualify
tuition
undergraduate
university
– education law;
– nature of higher education;
– higher education institutions in Russia, Britain and America;
– teaching staff and academic titles;
– classroom experience and degrees.
Unit 2. Legal Education in Great Britain
and the USA. – Юридическое образование
в Великобритании и США
2.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Studying Law in England and Wales
1. In England and Wales, legal education usually begins with the comple-
tion of a bachelor degree in English law, known as an LLB, (preferably with
13
Honours) which usually takes three years. However, many students graduate in a
d
d
non-law subject and then undertake a one year conversion course known as a
postgraduate Diploma in Law or GDL. Then a future lawyer has to choose one
of the routes of further education because there are two separate legal careers of
solicitors and barristers in England and Wales.
Figure 1. The Routes to Becoming a Solicitor or Barrister
1ststep: academic stage
a Bachelor Degree in English Law (Hons)
or
a Bachelor Degree other than Law
+ GDL: Full-time (1 year) or Part-time (2 years)
If you want to be ...
a SOLICITOR a BARRISTER
n
2
step: vocational stage
LPC
Full-time (1 year) or
Part-time (2 years)
r
3
step: on-the-job training stage
Training Contract
(two year training period
including PSC)
Full-time (1 year)
One Year Pupillage within a
Barristers’ Cambers
(6 months non-practising
and 6 months practising)
BPTC
getting a Practising Certificate
Admission as a Solicitor Practise as a Barrister
2. A person wishing to become a solicitor must complete three stages: the
first stage, as it was explained earlier, involves taking an LLB; the second stage
requires passing a one-year full-time (or two year part-time) Legal Practice
Course (LPC); and the final stage entails working for two years as a trainee so-
licitor with a firm of solicitors or in the legal department of a local authority or
large company. All these three stages must be completed in order to be admitted
to the Roll of Solicitors.
3. The LPC course has two independent parts:
– Part one covers the three essential practice areas: business law and prac-
tice, civil and criminal litigation, and property law and practice. Then there are
the skills of advising and advocacy, interviewing, practical legal research, writing and drafting
tion, solicitors’ accounts, taxation, and wills and administration of estates.
. In addition are the areas of professional conduct and regula-
14
– Part two is made up of three vocational electives; e.g. private acquisi-
tions; public companies; and debt/banking, commercial law and employment,
family law, immigration and welfare law.
4. Tuition fees vary depending on where you choose to study. For example,
Cardiff University charges £10,500 for its LPC, the University of Law in Birmingham – £11,800, the University of Law in London (Bloomsbury and Moorgate) – £14,750.
5. Then a would-be solicitor has to undergo a two year training period. At
this ‘on-the-job training
’ stage a trainee solicitor is paid a salary. Each trainee
solicitor at this stage must complete the Professional Skills Course (PSC) which
totals 72 hours of academic training.
6. Intending
qualifying law degree (LLB), and then they must join one of the Inns of Court
barristers also must complete three stages: at first they need a
to
study for the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC). The BPTC course covers a number of compulsory subjects including: advocacy; case preparation
civil litigation and remedies
; conference skills; criminal litigation and sentenc-
ing; evidence and resolution of disputes out of court; legal research; opinion
writing; and professional ethics.
7. There are eight alternative institutions alongside with
the Inns of Court
that are nowadays authorized to provide the BPTC in England and Wales: BPP
Law School (Manchester, Leeds and London); Cardiff Law School; the City
Law School, City University London; Manchester Metropolitan University; the
University of Law; University of the West of England, Bristol, etc. Course fees
vary depending on the institution you choose to study at. For example, the University of Law charges £18,500 for the full-time BPTC at its London Bloomsbury campus. In comparison, Nottingham Trent University charges £13,800 for
its full-time BPTC, inclusive
of course materials, manuals and assessment fees.
8. At this stage it’s also mandatory for future barristers to attend 12 Quali-
fying Sessions, before they can be called to the Bar, that is, be appointed to the
degree of the outer bar (or «utter bar»). The Qualifying Sessions take the form
of a collegiate event at the Inn, when dining in the Hall of the Inn is combined
with a talk or other educational element. Attendance at Qualifying Sessions in
Hall is recorded by the porters, who collect students’ tickets and mark their
names on a list as having attended.
9. At the third stage all new barristers face intense competition to obtain a
funded pupillage in chambers for twelve months in order to get practical train-
ing, when pupils at first shadow an experienced barrister by observing professional activities, and then, with their supervisor’s permission, can undertake to
supply legal services and exercise rights of audience.
10. To gain a Practising Certificate new barristers must learn the rules of
conduct and etiquette at the Bar, learn to prepare and present a case competently,
learn to draft pleadings and opinions, have advocacy training. If successful at the
end of the twelve months, the qualified barrister applies for a tenancy in chambers.
;
15
11. The profession of barrister in England and Wales is a separate profession from that of solicitor. It is however possible to hold the qualification of
both barrister and solicitor at the same time. The practical difference between
the two professions is twofold:
– Barristers have a more specialized knowledge of case-law and precedent.
It is relatively common for a barrister to only receive a «brief
» from an instruct-
ing solicitor to represent a client at trial a day or two before the hearing.
– A barrister has rights of audience in the higher courts. In this regard, the
profession of barrister corresponds
to that part of the role of legal professionals
found in the civil law countries relating to appearing in trials or pleading cases
before the courts.
2.1.1. Слова из текста:
Honours ≈ Hons – с отличием
conversion course – курс переподготовки, переходной курс обучения
postgraduate – изучаемый после окончания бакалавриата
solicitor – солиситор, адвокат (дающий советы клиенту, подготавливающий дела
для барристера и выступающий только в судах низшей инстанции)
barrister – барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах; являет-
ся членом одного из «Судебных иннов», существующих при Совете адвока-
тов-барристеров (The Bar Council)
trainee solicitor – солиситор-стажёр, практикант
be admitted to the Roll of Solicitors – быть принятым в члены коллегии адвока-
тов-солиситеров (Англии и Уэльса)
business law and practice – право, регулирующее деловые отношения, и практика
его применения
drafting – составление проекта документа
professional conduct – профессиональная этика
accounts – финансовая отчётность
wills and administration of estates – завещания и решение имущественных вопро-
сов умершего лица
private acquisition – частное приобретение (прав, имущества)
employment – работа по найму (трудовое право)
welfare law – законодательство о социальном обеспечении
intending – желающий стать, намеревающийся
on-the-job training – обучение без отрыва от работы, обучение по месту работы
Inns of Court – «Судебные Инны» (четыре английские школы подготовки бар-
ристеров в Англии и Уэльсе)
case preparation – изучение обстоятельств по делу и подготовка к его рассмот-
рению в суде
litigation and remedies – судопроизводство и средства судебной защиты
conference skills – навыки ведения переговоров
sentencing – вынесение приговора
16
out of court – во внесудебном порядке
legal research – изучение законодательства и правоприменительной практики
(по делу)
opinion writing – составление мотивированного решения
alongside with – наряду с
course fees – плата за учебный курс, плата за обучение
inclusive – включительно
manual – учебное пособие
assessment fee – комиссионный сбор за процедуру оценивания (при прохожде-
нии промежуточного и итогового контроля)
mandatory [‘mændə,tо:rı] – обязательный
qualifying session – зачетное учебное занятие
be called to the Bar – быть принятым в адвокатское сословие, получить право ад-
вокатской практики в суде, стать барристером
outer bar – младший барристер (название появилось по ассоциации с внешним
барьером в суде, с которого выступают в суде барристеры ниже ранга ко-
ролевского адвоката)
collegiate event – корпоративное мероприятие
dining – система учебных занятий в неформальной обстановке, так называемые
«занятия в столовой»
face – наталкиваться на, сталкиваться с, подвергаться
funded pupillage – курс ученичества/стажировки, оплаченный Советом адвока-
тов-барристеров
chambers – адвокатская контора, в которой работают несколько барристеров
shadow – непрестанно следовать за, непрерывно наблюдать
right of audience – право выступать в суде
practising certificate – удостоверение/лицензия на право заниматься профессио-
нальной практикой
tenancy – членство
brief – краткое письменное изложение дела (с привлечением фактов и докумен-
тов), с которым сторона выступает в суде
correspond – соответствовать; согласовываться, соотноситься
plead a case – представлять (чьи-либо) интересы по делу
2.1.2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. Are the skills acquired by solicitors and barristers the same? Give exam-
ples.
2. How long is a full-time LPC in England?
3. How many years does an LLB course last?
4. How may graduates in non-law subjects become a solicitor or barrister?
5. What are the two parts of pupillage for intending barristers?
6. What stages of education and training must a candidate undergo in order
to become a barrister?
17
7. What three stages is it necessary to complete in order to become a solici-
tor?
8. What two main phases does the Legal Practice Course involve?
9. What do tuition fees for law courses depend on?
10. What are the major differences between the two legal professions in
England and Wales?
2.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Training and Licensing of Attorneys in the USA
1. Step 1. In the United States attorneys must generally have a four-year
bachelor degree and then a postgraduate degree (Juris Doctor
school accredited by the American Bar Association
state supreme court
. Law schools do not require that applicants take an LLB or
(ABA) or approved by a
to have completed specific courses in law. However, there are certain skills and
areas of knowledge that the law school candidate should seek to develop. Necessary skills include critical thinking
and written communication and general research skills
cants must pass the Law School Admission Test
, problem solving, analytical reading, oral
. That is why all appli-
(LSAT). The LSAT is required
for admission to law schools in the USA and is designed to measure skills that
are considered essential for success in law school: the reading and comprehen-
sion of complex texts; the organization and management of information and the
ability to draw reasonable inferences
from acquired information.
2. Prospective law school candidates should also seek to gain a basic understanding in certain subjects. These areas include American history, political
theory and the American political system, ethics and theories of justice, basic
mathematics and accounting skills, economics, human behaviour
teraction (found in psychology and sociology courses) and an awareness of international issues.
3.Step 2.During law school all students take a variety of required courses
covering a broad range of legal subjects
. The first year is quite structured with
compulsory courses such as civil procedure, constitutional law, contracts, criminal law and procedure, property law and torts. The first year may also include
moot court exercises in which students argue cases against one another.
4. In addition, depending on a particular law school’s requirements, 30 to
60 percent of a student’s courses may be electives
. Many students use their
elective choices to begin preparing for a career specializing in a particular field
of law.
5. For the majority of American law students, the Juris Doctor is the final
degree; however, some students continue their studies in order to get a Master
of Laws (LLM) degree, which is usually a one-year program in a specialized
subject such as taxation or intellectual property. There are also LLM programs
or JD) from a law
and social in-
18
specially designed for foreign students who would like to study a year abroad in
an American university.
6. Step 3. In order to become a licensed attorney in a particular state, law
school graduates must pass a bar examination
and undergo a background check
before. Each state has its own bar examination. Generally, state bar examiners
require evidence of three qualities in exam candidates: sufficient general education at the undergraduate level; sufficient US legal education; and sufficient
knowledge of local bar requirements. Many states give a standard six-hour mul-
tiple-choice examination on general subjects, and each state requires of exami-
nees that they answer questions focused on the laws of the particular state. In
addition to the state bar exam, almost all states also require the Multistate
Bar
Exam (MBE). The MBE covers general legal knowledge in areas such as contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence and real property.
7. It should be noted that nowadays the candidates in many states have an
option to pass the Uniform Bar Exam
(UBE), which is a standardized examination used across multiple jurisdictions. As of February 2016, 21 states have
adopted the UBE; the score
that an examinee receives may be submitted to other UBE jurisdictions for use in seeking admission; such an examinee will not
have to retake the examination. The UBE is composed of the Multistate Bar
Examination (MBE), six Multistate Essay Examination (MEE) questions, and
two Multistate Performance Test (MPT) tasks. Every UBE jurisdiction will use
the same essay questions and performance tasks
.
8. Upon passing the bar examination, the candidates are entitled to apply
for admission to the respective state bar. The applicants must take a legally
binding oath that they will uphold the codes and the constitution of the United
States, as well as the laws and constitution of the licensing state
times done privately, in judges’ chambers
, but often conducted as a formal cer-
. This is some-
emony in the State Supreme Court.
9. When admitted to the state bar, law school graduates become licensed
attorneys who are permitted to handle
various legal matters, from writing a
simple will to conducting a jury trial in defense of a criminal defendant. As far
as the bar examination covers a lot of subjects, few students become specialists
in particular areas of law while being in
law school. Instead, the jobs obtained
by new attorneys largely determine what types of attorneys they will be. For
example, if they are hired by a law firm that specializes in family law, they may
become divorce lawyers.
10. The American lawyer, unlike the lawyers in England and Wales, is
qualified for all the professions in law. This means that the American lawyers
may choose between many different careers. In private practice they work either as sole practitioners
or in a law firm and are known as ‘attorneys at law’ or
simply attorneys. Some will work for corporations or businesses as salaried
employees called corporate counsel, known informally as in-house counsel.
Others will work for the government and in particular as public prosecutors
in
criminal matters. As for judges, they are usually chosen from members of the
19
legal profession having several years of experience, and there are no special law
schools for judicial training. Lawyers may also become law professors or work
in a legal aid society
2.2.1. Слова из текста:
attorney – адвокат (дипломированный юрист в США, имеющий разрешение на за-
нятие адвокатской практикой, консультирование по юридическим вопросам
и представление интересов своих клиентов в судебных инстанциях)
Juris Doctor – доктор права (степень, присвоенная выпускнику юридического
факультета высшего учебного заведения в США; является второй степе-
нью и может служить аналогом LLM)
American Bar Association – Американская ассоциация адвокатов
state supreme court – верховный суд штата
critical thinking – критическое мышление
problem solving – способность решать проблему
analytical reading – способность анализировать тексты
research skills – навыки поиска информации
Law School Admission Test – вступительный тест для поступающих в юридические
вузы США (стандартизированный тест, который проводится четырежды в
год в специализированных центрах по всему миру)
comprehension – понимание
draw reasonable inferences – делать разумные выводы
human behaviour – поведение и общение человека
social interaction – социальное взаимодействие
awareness of international issues – понимание международных проблем
subjects – дисциплины, учебные предметы
be quite structured with – почти полностью состоять из
electives – выбираемые студентом факультативные программы
bar examination – экзамен при поступлении в коллегию адвокатов
undergo – подвергнуться
background check – проверка анкетных данных, проверка биографических дан-
ных
examiner – экзаменатор, эксперт
multiple-choice examination – письменный экзамен, в котором учащийся из не-
скольких ответов выбирает правильный
examinee – кандидат, проходящий испытание
multistate – общий для определенного количества штатов
Uniform Bar Exam – единый/унифицированный экзамен для поступающих в
коллегию адвокатов
score – количественный показатель, сумма баллов
performance task – задание на выполнение практических задач
legally binding oath – юридически обязывающая присяга; клятва, имеющая обя-
зательную юридическую силу
.
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