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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

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Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»

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ambiguous – неопределённый, неоднозначный, двусмысленный neglect – забывать, не обращать внимания, не учитывать persuasive – убедительный rely on – основываться, рассчитывать на expertise and experience – экспертный анализ и опыт работы development – разъяснение statutory scope of authority – предусмотренный законом объём полномочий access to – доступ к adjudication – вынесение судебного или арбитражного решения; объявление в

судебном порядке confer on – возлагать на, предоставлять grant – предоставить, разрешать fact-finding – расследование обстоятельств, установление и оценка фактов

judicially enforced subpoena [dʒu:’dıəlı ın’fо:rst səb’pi:nə] – повестка о явке сви-

детеля, исполнение которой обеспечено санкцией суда distinguish – отличать, проводить различие properly – должный образом, надлежащим образом, как следует undertake – выполнять, предпринимать legitimate purpose – законная цель sought – искомый, необходимый, затребованный relevant – относящийся к делу, важный unreasonably burdensome – необоснованно обременительный privileged – конфиденциальный; не подлежащий разглашению или оглашению в

суде, составляющий профессиональную тайну make determination – принимать решение targeted person – интересующее лицо; лицо, в отношении которого выполняются

определенные действия resemble – быть похожим, иметь сходство alleged violator – предполагаемый нарушитель counteract – уравновешивать, нейтрализовать public accountability – публичная подотчетность и ответственность государст-

венных органов

4.4. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или WQuestions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

Local Government

1. Every modern state needs a system of local administration. Even if all important decisions are usually taken at the centre it is necessary to have local agencies to implement tions, and some subsidiary cies.

2. The institutions of local government vary greatly and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology often varies. Common names for local government entities

county shire

, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality,

and village. However all these names are often used informally in different countries and local government is the legal part of the system of government as a whole.

3. It would be generally agreed that local government has to achieve the

following main objectives:

–toreduce the load will be greatly overloaded cal institutions;

– to provide opportunities for democratic choice and popular participation in the government of local areas; in this way government can be made more ac- countable to local communities, and ordinary citizens can directly participate in the democratic process and in public life;

– to achieve more responsive and rational tutions which are well informed about local conditions and aware of local needs and demands; specific policies can be developed to match and national policies can be adapted to the needs of different areas and communities.

4. Local government roles and responsibilities. The work of local gov-

ernment is varied, but it touches almost all areas of our day to day life as citizens – whether we live in cities, towns or country areas. The roles and responsibilities of local government differs from state to state, but generally include:

– infrastructure and property services, including local roads, bridges, footpaths, drainage

, waste collection and management;

– provision of recreation facilities diums, golf courses, swimming pools, sport centers, halls, camping grounds and caravan parks;

– health services such as water and food inspection, immunization services,

toilet facilities

, noise control and meat inspection and animal control;

them, issuing commands and services to local popula-

decision-making are also delegated to these agen-

between countries,

include state, province, region,

on the centre; central government in the modern state

if the burden of administration is not shared with lo-

decision-making through insti-

local circumstances,

, such as parks, sports fields and sta-

– community services, such as child care, aged care and accommodation, community care and welfare services

;

– building services, including inspections, licensing, certification and enforcement;

– planning and development

approval;

– administration of facilities, such as airports and aerodromes, ports and

marinas

, cemeteries, parking facilities and street parking;

– cultural facilities

and services, such as libraries, art galleries and mu-

seums;

– water and sewerage

services;

– other services, such as marketplaces.

5. Local authorities in their operations have a certain political claim to

au-

tonomy at least for the following reasons:

– they are directly elected and can therefore act as a separation of powers check on central government;

– some local expenditure

(in practice about 20%) is raised by local taxa-

tion;

– services such as housing, education and environmental control should be administered flexibly

in accordance with local circumstances;

– it is desirable in the interests of democracy and individual self-fulfillment for people to have closer contact with governmental bodies than is possible at central government level;

– they generate different political perspectives and healthy disagreement and debate.

6. Finance. The independence of local authorities is directly connected

with the extent to which they can raise and spend money. About three-quarters of their income is provided by central government. Local authority income usually derives from

the following sources: local taxes; central government

grants; borrowing and investment; fees, charges and rents; sales of land.

7. Local ordinances. Local authorities may enact and enforce within their

limits ordinances not in conflict with general laws. A local ordinance is a type of authoritative law, rule, or regulation made by a local government, as opposed to a law made by a central or national government. It is intended to address is- sues of local concern, and is only effective within the local area limits. When a new ordinance is enacted, it usually becomes part of the local municipal code.

8. Local ordinances generally address issues relating to public health, safety, education and welfare, and they can either require or prohibit a certain type of behavior. If a person fails to comply with an ordinance, he or she can be

. In some cases, an offending person will receive warnings before penalties

fined

are assessed. Local police and local supervising bodies

are usually responsible

for enforcing a local ordinance.

9. Zoning regulations

are among the most common types of local ordinances and they set rules about whether a piece of real estate can be used for commercial, residential, recreational, or industrial purposes. For instance, a lo-

cal ordinance may specify that only single-family homes can be built in a certain part of the area. Other zoning rules may specify that a piece of property can only be used for designated

commercial or industrial activities, such as factory

operations.

10. Other ordinances set rules regarding fire safety

garbage removal

, and parking. A local ordinance may also address treatment of

, littering, recycling,

public areas, such as sidewalks, streets, or parks. In a local park, an ordinance may set the hours that a park is open to the public or indicate that pets must be kept on a leash.

11. Local law governing housing in ordinances. For example, a local ordinance may specify that a landlord quired to maintain

a certain amount of heat in an apartment building during the

and rental property is usually spelled out

is re-

winter months. Cities also commonly regulate noise levels, and an ordinance may ban loud noises in a residential area

after a certain time of the night.

12. At the same time it is important to realize that national and federal laws will always overrule or group of people can challenge

local ordinances, if there is a discrepancy. Any individual

a local ordinance, if they believe that an or-

dinance violates rights set forth by the constitution.

основные источники информации: Turpin C., Nomkins A. British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials. 6-th ed. NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007; http://www.walga.asn.au

4.4.1. Слова из текста:

implement – приводить в исполнение, восполнять issue commands and services – выдавать предписания и оказывать услуги subsidiary [səb’sıdı,erı] – вспомогательный, дополнительный decision-making – процесс принятия решения, принятие решения vary greatly – существенно различаться, значительно разниться arrangement – классификация, структура government entity – орган управления county – округ, графство prefecture – префектура township – посёлок

borough [‘brə] – городской микрорайон parish – приход shire [‘aıə(r)] – графство (округ) reduce the load – уменьшить нагрузку, сократить объем работы overloaded – перегруженный popular participation – участие населения accountable to – подотчётный responsive and rational – быстро реагирующий и целесообразный match – согласовываться, находиться в соответствии

; http://www.wisegeek.com/

drainage – дренажная система, водоотвод, канализация waste collection – вывоз отходов recreation facilities – места отдыха и развлечений camping ground – площадка для кемпинга, туристического лагеря toilet facilities – санитарно-гигиенические условия meat inspection – контроль за качеством мясных продуктов community services – общественные службы aged – престарелые люди welfare services – система социального обеспечения planning and development – землеустройство и строительство marinas – пристань для яхт, гавань cemetery [‘semı,terı] – кладбище parking facilities – места для стоянки автомобилей cultural facilities – культурные услуги sewerage – канализация claim to – требование, право на, запрос, притязание separation of powers check – контроль за разделением компетенций, полномочий expenditure – расходы flexibly – легко, подвижно, гибко individual self-fulfillment – личная самореализация, реализация своих способно-

стей, возможностей

healthy disagreement and debate – здравое (полезное) расхождение во мнении и

обсуждение своих позиций derive from – происходить, получать из government grants – правительственные субсидии, правительственная дотация borrowing – заимствованные средства, кредит fees, charges and rents – комиссионные сборы, пошлины и арендная плата address issues – браться за решение вопросов, обращаться к проблемам fine – штрафовать offending person – правонарушитель warning – предупреждение supervising body – контролирующий орган, надзорный орган zoning regulation – градостроительное правило, правило районирования насе-

лённых пунктов designated – обозначенный, названный fire safety – правила пожарной безопасности littering – выбрасывание отходов recycling – переработка мусора garbage removal – вывоз отходов и мусора housing property – жилищная собственность rental property – арендуемая собственность landlord – домовладелец maintain – поддерживать, сохранять

apartment building – многоквартирный жилой дом residential area – жилая зона overrule – брать верх над, отклонять, отвергать, считать недействительным discrepancy – противоречие, несоответствие, отклонение challenge – оспаривать, опротестовывать, возражать

4.5. Дополнительная Web-информация по теме.

http://everything.explained.today/Constitution/ http://everything.explained.today/Constitutionalism/ http://everything.explained.today/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia/

Court of Russia explained

http://everything.explained.today/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom/

tion of the United Kingdom explained

http://everything.explained.today/United_States_Constitution/

stitution Explained

http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/government.html http://everything.explained.today/Government_agency/

plained

http://hirealawyer.findlaw.com/choosing-the-right-lawyer/municipal-law.html

is Municipal Law?

http://everything.explained.today/Local_government/ http://everything.explained.today/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom/

Local government in the United Kingdom explained

http://everything.explained.today/Local_government_in_the_United_States/

government in the United States explained

– Constitution explained

– Constitutionalism Explained

– Constitutional

– Constitu-

– United States Con-

– Government Law

– Government agency ex-

– Local government explained

– Local

–What

–

4.6. Ключевые слова.

1) Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Administrative Law».

2) Употребите любые 7 из этих слов/выражений в самостоятельно составленных предложениях, используя не только содержание тематических текстов из данного учебного пособия, но и дополнительные материалы из англоязычных источников.

3) Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так, чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.

accountable adjudicative power administration administrative law administrative agency applicable bylaw checks and balances constitution

investigative power judicial branch judicial review law enforcement legislative branch limited government municipal law ordinance popular participation

constitutional law consumer protection county cultural facilities decision-making due process enabling act environmental protection executive branch expenditure fact-finding federal constitution flexible constitution government grants guidelines health and social services internal governance interpretive power

popular sovereignty public accountability regulatory law rigid constitution rule of law rulemaking separation of powers to carry out to come into existence to comply with to enact to implement to monitor unitary constitution unwritten constitution waste collection written constitution zoning regulation

4.7. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему

«Administrative Law», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 5 и опираясь на следующие пункты плана:

– distinctive features of constitutional and administrative law; – main reasons for creating a state constitution; – two meanings of the term ‘municipal law’; – functions and powers of administrative agencies; – local government roles and responsibilities.

Unit 5. Civil Law. –

Гражданское право

5.1. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Substantive Civil Law

1. Civil law is a term that is used to describe a body of law that deals with finding peaceful resolutions pute between two or more persons may provide the basis for a civil suit. The number of suits is huge, but most of them fall into one of five basic categories:

contract law

, tort law, property law, law of succession, and family law.

2. Contract law is primarily concerned with voluntary agreements between two or more people. Some common examples include agreements to perform a certain type of work, to buy or sell goods, and to construct or repair homes or commercial and industrial premises promise by one party (an offer) and a counterpromise other party, consideration create legal relations.

3. Although many contracts are relatively simple and straightforward some complex fields also build on contract law or contract ideas. One such field is commercial law, which focuses primarily on sales involving credit or the in- stallment plan. Commercial law also deals with checks, promissory notes, and other negotiable instruments

4. Another closely related field is bankruptcy and creditors’ rights. Bankrupt individuals or businesses may go through a process that essentially wipes the slate clean and allows the person filing for bankruptcy to begin again. The bankruptcy process is also designed to ensure fairness to creditors.

5. One more area is the insurance contract its applicability

to so many people. The insurance industry is regulated by gov-

ernment agencies and subject to its own distinct rules.

6. Tort law may generally be described as the law of civil wrongs cerns conduct that causes injury and fails to measure up to some standard set by society; for instance, automobile accident cases, actions for personal injury

bodily injury

claims.

7. One of the most rapidly growing subfields of tort law is product liability. This category has become an increasingly effective way to hold corporations

accountable

for injuries caused by defective foods, toys, appliances, automo-

biles, medication, or other products.

8. Another rapidly growing subfield of tort law is medical malpractice The number of medical malpractice claims has increased even as great ad- vances have been made in medicine. Two ongoing problems in contemporary medicine are: (i) the increased risk imposed by new treatments and(ii)the impersonal character of specialists and hospitals. Patients today have high expec- tations, and when a doctor fails them, their anger may lead to a malpractice suit.

to non-criminal disputes. Thus, virtually any dis-

. Basic to these agreements are a

(an agreement) by the

, legal capacity of the parties and their intention to

, which is important because of

. It con-

and

9. Property law. A distinction has traditionally been made between real property and personal property. The former normally refers to real estate – land and everything attached to it (e.g. houses, buildings, standing trees and growing crops). Almost everything else is considered personal property, including such things as money, jewelry, automobiles, furniture, and bank deposits. Property rights are more complex than mere ownership

of something. The notion of property now includes, among several other things, the right to use that property.

10. Law of succession deals with the devolution of property

on heirs upon the death of the owner. The norms of succession law consider how property is passed along from one generation to another. Most legal systems recognize a person’s right to dispose of mon way to do this is to execute a will

his or her property as he or she wishes. One com-

. If a person leaves behind a valid will,

the courts will enforce it.

11. However, if someone leaves no will (or has improperly drawn it up),

then the person has died intestate

, and the state must dispose of the property. The state’s disposition of the property is carried out according to the fixed scheme set forth in the statutes. By law, intestate property passes to the deceased person’s heirs – that is, to his or her nearest relatives. Occasionally

, a

person who dies intestate has no living relatives. In that situation the property

escheats

prohibit the more remote relatives, such as second cousins

, or passes, to the state in which the deceased resided. Statutes often

and great uncles and

aunts, from inheriting.

12. Increasingly

, people nowadays are preparing wills to ensure that their property is disposed of according to their wishes, not according to a scheme determined by the state. A will is a formal document. It must be very carefully drafted, and as a rule it must be witnessed by several impartial

persons.

13. Family law is an area of the law that deals with family-related issues

and domestic relations such as marriage rights, paternity

, parental rights and obligations, surrogacy, divorce, annulment,

, child custody, child abuse, children’s

division of assets and liabilities due to divorce, spousal support, child support payments, visitation

, adoption and termination of parental rights. These cases usually involve parties who are related by blood or marriage, but family law can affect those in more distant or casual relationships as well.

основные источники информации: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/;

http://photos.state.gov/libraries/argentina/231771/IRC/legalotln.pdf http://www.hg.org/

5.1.1. Слова из текста:

substantive law – материальное право peaceful resolution – мирное разрешение (спора) contract law – договорное право tort law – деликтное право

;

property law – право собственности, вещное право law of succession [lo: v sək’seən] – наследственное право commercial premises – торговое здание с прилегающими постройками и участ-

ками industrial premises – производственные помещения, нежилые помещения counterpromise – встречная договорная обязанность consideration – материальное основание договора, компенсация legal capacity – право и дееспособность legal relations – правовые отношения straightforward – ясный, непосредственный, с прямым действием installment plan – покупка в рассрочку promissory note – долговое обязательство, простой или прямой вексель

negotiable financial instrument [nı’gəıəbəl faı’nænəl ‘ınstrəmənt] – оборотный

кредитно-денежный документ bankruptcy – несостоятельность, банкротство wipe the slate clean – начать все сызнова, сбросить груз старых ошибок filing for – подача заявки insurance contract – договор страхования applicability – применимость, пригодность civil wrong – гражданское правонарушение measure up – отвечать требованиям, соответствовать требованиям personal injury – оскорбление личности bodily injury – телесные повреждения subfield – подотрасль, более узкая область product liability – ответственность за качество выпускаемой продукции accountable – ответственный, подотчётный defective – некачественный, бракованный medical malpractice – врачебная ошибка, небрежное отношение медицинского

работника к своим обязанностям advances – достижения ongoing – постоянный, происходящий в настоящее время have high expectations – иметь завышенные ожидания real property – недвижимое имущество personal property – движимое имущество growing crops – «хлеба на корню», выращиваемые зерновые ownership – право собственности devolution of property – передача права собственности heir [eə(r)] – наследник dispose of – распорядиться; приобретать и отчуждать доли, паи execute a will – оформить завещание, составить завещание leave behind – оставлять после себя intestate – не оставив завещания fixed scheme – установленная процедура

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