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Файл:Профессиональный иностранный язык. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для слушателей магистратуры по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция»
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uphold – соблюдать, придерживаться, защищать
licensing state – штат, предоставляющий право/лицензию на оказание юридиче-
ских услуг на своей территории
judges’ chambers – кабинет судьи, совещательная комната судьи
handle – обрабатывать, обращаться с, иметь дело с
will – завещание
while being in – в процессе, во время, при нахождении в
obtained – получаемый
sole practitioner – самостоятельно практикующий юрист
salaried employee – наёмный работник, служащий на окладе
corporate counsel – юрисконсульт в штате компании
public prosecutor – прокурор, государственный обвинитель
legal aid society – объединение юристов для оказания помощи неимущим
2.2.2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. How many years is it necessary to read law in American law schools?
2. Is the period of time for getting a bachelor degree in GB and the USA
the same?
3. What agency are American law schools accredited by?
4. What compulsory courses do American law students study?
5. What degree do American law students receive?
6. What does a typical state bar exam involve?
7. What is the role of electives within the syllabus of American law
schools?
8. What requirements should the prospective American law school candi-
dates satisfy?
9. Where may an attorney work after his or her admission to the state bar?
10. What is the Uniform Bar Exam composed of?
11. What is the difference between a JD program and an LLM program in
the USA?
2.3. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя фразы для ведения дискуссии (Приложение 4):
1. A person wishing to become a solicitor must join one of the Inns of
Court.
2. A solicitor usually receives a brief from a barrister in order to settle a
client’s case out of court.
3. Future lawyers in the USA have to specialize in particular areas of law
while being in law school.
4. If a person in Great Britain has received an LLB it means that he is ei-
ther a solicitor or barrister.
21
5. State bar examinations in America are unified throughout the country as
far as they are conducted by the American Bar Association.
6. The Bar Professional Training Course is mandatory for all law students
in England and Wales.
7. The LPC should be taken only in a full-time format.
8. Trainee solicitors must pay for apprenticeship.
9. Upon passing the state bar examination, the students of law schools in
the USA receive the Juris Doctor degree.
10. The UBE is a standardized examination used instead of state bar ex-
ams.
11. Judges in the USA are usually chosen from members of the legal pro-
fession who have undergone special judicial training at law school.
2.4. Ключевые слова.
1) Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Legal Education».
2) Употребите любые 7 из этих слов/выражений в самостоятельно со-
ставленных предложениях, используя не только содержание тематических
текстов из данного учебного пособия, но и дополнительные материалы из
англоязычных источников.
3) Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так,
чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.
ABA
barrister
BPTC
chambers
code of professional ethics
degree of the outer bar
electives
full-time course
GDL
Inns of Court
JD
law firm
law student
lawyer
legal education
legal profession
legal research
legal subjects
licensed attorney
LPC
LSAT
MBE
part-time course
professional conduct
PSC
pupillage
Qualifying Sessions
right of audience
solicitor
state bar examination
to be called to the Bar
to draft legal documents
to give legal advice
to graduate from
to represent a client
to specialize in
to undergo
trainee solicitor
Training Contract
UBE
22
2.5. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему «Legal
Education», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 5 и
опираясь на следующие пункты плана:
– stages of legal education for solicitors in England and Wales;
– stages of legal education for barristers in England and Wales;
– legal education in the USA;
– licensing of attorneys in America.
Unit 3. Law and Its Sources. –
Право и его источники
3.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Law: Legal Systems of the World
1. Law is a body of official rules and regulations, generally found in con-
stitutions, treaties, acts of parliament, ordinances
customs, court decisions, that are used to govern a society and to control the
behaviour
2. Being a complex body of rules, law serves a variety of functions. For in-
stance, it can serve to keep the peace, promote social justice
quo, preserve individual rights, protect minority groups, and provide for orderly
social change.
3. To be capable of performing the function
of rules must satisfy the following principles:
– rules must be expressed in general and understandable terms;
– rules must be prospective
– rules must be publicly promulgated
– rules must be consistent
– rules must not be changed too frequently so that the subject can rely on
them; and
– rules must be administered
4. Secular and religious law. Depending on the main sources of law
particular jurisdiction
ing the laws we may speak about different national legal systems. First of all
the national legal systems are generally modeled
gious or secular
of law, scope
5. The source of religious law is the deity, legislating through the prophets.
For example, Iran, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia have legal systems based on Islamic law, or sharia
of its members.
in effect;
;
with one another;
in a manner consistent with their wording.
and the predominant methods of interpreting and enforc-
systems of law which hold quite different views as to sources
, sanctions, and function.
. Secular law is made by human beings, and one of its most
, executive orders, enforced
, maintain the status
of guiding behavior, a system
in a
upon elements of either reli-
23
famous examples – the US Constitution – begins with the words “We, the
people…”. It follows from this difference in their source that religious laws are
perceived to be eternal
and immutable, while secular rules can be changed by
their makers.
6. Religious law tells people what to believe as well as how to behave,
whereas secular law deals with our external actions
religious legal system disputes are usually adjudicated
gion, so the same person is both judge
and priest. In a secular system, by con-
as they affect others. In a
by an officer of that reli-
trast, the office of judge is separate, and is guaranteed by the principle of judi-
cial independence.
7. A further difference lies in the enforcement
tem sanctions are imposed
in this world. The sanctions and rewards of a reli-
of the laws: in a secular sys-
gious system may also occur in this world, but are often to be felt most keenly
in the next or ‘spirit world’.
8. The secular legal systems may be further subdivided into four main
types: civil law
tems); common law
Wales or United States law); customary law
(including Western European and Latin American legal sys-
or Anglo-Saxon system (e.g. legal system of England and
(e.g. aboriginal law in Canada,
Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and most African countries); and mixed or
pluralistic law (e.g. Albania, Cyprus, Hong Kong, South Korea). An additional
type of legal system – international law – governs the conduct
of independent
nations in their relationships with one another.
9. Differences between Civil law and Common law countries. The civil
law system (aka
Roman law, Continental law or Napoleonic law system) is the
legal system where laws are legislated and codified by parliament or some other
form of representative government
. The fundamental principle of civil law systems is that the laws applied to citizens are made by citizens through their political representatives. Judges are there to administer laws, not make them. Civil
law systems are mainly inquisitorial
are there to track down
the truth, not to be a forum where two sides battle to
rather than adversarial. That means courts
demonstrate to an impartial judge or jury who is right and who is wrong.
Judges in civil code trials are usually more active in questioning witnesses,
challenging
10. While civil law systems are essentially based on written law
Saxon system, on the other hand, laws are sometimes said to be ‘unwritten
Traditionally, common law evolved
evidence and even – in some cases – directing investigations.
, in Anglo-
’.
through usage rather than being imposed by
codified legislation as with the civil law countries. In a common law system,
the law is created by precedents
set after judges decide actual cases. When a
judge hears a case that has a new issue in it, the judge makes a decision regarding the issue in the case. That decision, if supported by a higher court, then becomes a precedent that must be followed by other courts if they try similar cases. The precedent remains the law unless and until a higher court overturns
the
decision. The practice of following decisions made by other courts for similar
issues is known as stare decisis
.
24
11. Law may also be classified on other grounds, for instance into national
and international law, public and private law, substantive and adjective law.
Substantive law defines the rights and duties of persons; it determines a wide
variety of matters – for example, what is required to form a contract, what the
difference is between larceny and robbery, when one is entitled to compensation for an injury, and so on. Adjective law (or procedural law) defines and
deals with procedures for enforcing the rights and duties of persons. The rules
of procedure and jurisdiction determine the court or administrative agency that
may handle a claim or dispute; the form of the trial or appeal; the time limits
involved; the kinds of evidence that may be presented and the scope of available remedies.
12. Public and private law. Public law is that area of law that deals with
the state and the relations of the state with the public. It includes such branches
as constitutional, administrative and criminal law. Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves. Private law is sometimes
referred to as “civil law” in its general meaning.
13. International and national law. National law is a set of written and
unwritten rules by which a particular country is governed and the activities of
people and organizations are controlled within a given state. International law
deals with general principles, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities legally recognized as international actors. International law is the law of the whole international community.
основные источники информации: http://www.saylor.org/books;
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/legal_systems
3.1.1. Слова из текста:
ordinance – указ, распоряжение, декрет, приказ, предписание, постановление
executive order – правительственное постановление
enforced custom – обычай, обеспеченный правовой санкцией
court decision – постановление суда, решение суда
behaviour – образ действий, поведение
social justice – социальная справедливость
be capable of performing the function – быть в состоянии выполнять функции
prospective – относящийся к будущему
publicly promulgated – опубликованный, всенародно объявленный
consistent – согласующийся
administer – применять (нормы права), исполнять
wording – формулировка, словесное выражение
source of law – источник права
jurisdiction – подведомственная область, территория в подведомственности ор-
гана власти
predominant – преобладающий, преимущественный, доминирующий
; http://study.com/
25
model – сформировать, создавать (по образцу)
secular – светский
scope – область применения
deity [‘di:ətı] – божественная природа
prophet – пророк, проповедник
sharia – шариат
eternal – бесконечный, вне времени
immutable – неизменный, безоговорочный
external action – внешнее действие
adjudicate – вынести судебное решение или приговор
judge – судья
priest – священник
judicial independence – судебная независимость
enforcement – обеспечение выполнения
impose – налагать, устанавливать, назначать
reward – поощрение
keenly – остро, сильно
civil law – цивильное право, континентальное право, позитивное право
common law – англосаксонское право, общее право Англии, некодифицирован-
ное право
customary law – обычное право (совокупность традиционно сложившихся обы-
чаев, правил, за которыми специально закреплено значение правовых
норм)
aboriginal law – туземное право, обычаи коренных жителей
conduct – образ действий, поведение
aka ≈ also known as – известный также под именем, иначе называемый
representative government – представительное правление
inquisitorial – следственный
adversarial – состязательный
track down – исследовать, отыскать
impartial – беспристрастный
jury – присяжные заседатели, суд присяжных
challenge – оспаривать, заявлять отвод
investigation – следствие, дознание
written law – писанное право, писаное право, статутное право
unwritten – неписаный
evolve – развиваться, образовываться
precedent – судебный прецедент
overturn – отменять
stare decisis [,stα:reı dı’sı:sıs] – лат. «стоять на решённом», обязывающая сила
прецедентов (основополагающий принцип прецедентного права, согласно
которому предыдущие судебные решения являются обязательными для
аналогичных последующих судебных дел)
26
public law – публичное право
private law – частное право
substantive law – материальное право
adjective law ≈ procedural law – процессуальное право, формальное право
larceny – воровство, кража
robbery – кража; грабеж
be entitled to – иметь право, быть уполномоченным
injury – вред, повреждение, порча, убыток, ущерб
handle – обращаться с, прорабатывать; обсуждать, разбирать
claim – иск; претензия
dispute – спор
trial – судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс, суд
appeal – апелляция
time limits – предельный срок, регламент
evidence – улика; свидетельское показание
operative within – действующий внутри, в пределах
binding – обязательный, обязывающий, ограничивающий
entity – самостоятельная правовая единица, субъект права
3.1.2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What does the word “law” as a legal term mean?
2. How does the law influence the society?
3. What are the main functions of law?
4. What are the main differences between religious or secular systems of
law?
5. What four main types are the secular legal systems subdivided into?
6. What are the main features of the civil law system?
7. How may the law be created in the common law countries?
8. What principles must a rule satisfy in order to be an effective law?
9. What legal systems does the law in Russia belong to? Give reasons for
your point of view.
10. What branches of law are treated as ‘public law’?
11. What is the difference between ‘substantive’ and ‘adjective’ law?
3.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Sources of Law in Russia
1. “Source of law” is a legal term that refers to the authorities by which
law is made. The predominant sources of law are determined by the country’s
self-identification with a particular legal system. Russia is a civil law country
27
where written or enacted law is the main legal source. About 10,000 statutes,
regulations, and other legal acts are passed in Russia annually.
2. In general the legal system within our country may be represented by a
great number of different branches of law, among them are the following:
– constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole legal system. It deals
with the frame of society, state structure, organization of government and legal
status of citizens;
– administrative law is a body of rules applicable to the operations of the
executive branch of government;
– criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and penalties applied to criminals;
– civil law deals with civil relationships such as real and personal property, ownership, marriage, succession, divorce, contractual arrangements;
– financial law regulates taxation, budget, social security, insurance,
pensions, investments and other spheres of financial activity;
– labor law covers matters arising from labor relations of employees and
their employers.
Figure 2. Classification of the Areas of Law in Russia
Leading Branch of Law
Fundamental
Branches of Law (with Substantive
and Procedural Parts)
Specialized
Branches of Law
Combined
Branches of Law
Constitutional Law
Civil Law,
Administrative Law,
Criminal Law
Land Law, Family Law, Labour Law,
Contract Law, Company Law,
Financial Law, Law of Torts
Business Law, Environmental Law,
Maritime Law, Immigration Law,
Law of Social Security, Sports Law,
Conflict of Laws, etc.
3. The constitution of the Russian Federation is the highest law of the
land. Drafted more than twenty years ago, the current constitution declares Russia to be a democratic, federative, rule-of-law state
government. The RF Constitution sets forth the basic framework
with a republican form of
of our government on the basis of the division of power among the legislative, executive,
and judicial branches.
4. According to the current constitution the freedom of conscience is sanc-
tioned, and a state or compulsory ideology may not be adopted. The right to a
multiparty political system is upheld. The content of laws must be made public
before they take effect, and they must be formulated in accordance with international law. Russian is proclaimed the national language, although the republics
28
of the federation are allowed to establish their own official languages for use
alongside with Russian.
5. The main rights and freedoms, guaranteed to the citizens by the Russian
Constitution, are as follows: right to life; right to equal protection of the law;
right to sanctity of the home; right to property; right to education; right to la-
bour; right to freedom of speech; right of meeting; right to personal privacy;
right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, mail and other
forms of communication; right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty;
right to the qualified legal assistance, etc. All these rights and freedoms cannot
be taken away by the government. No law or governmental regulation can con-
tradict the federal constitution.
6. The federal constitutional laws constitute a special subtype of federal
statutes. They are unique in that they come into force only if they are approved
by at least three-quarters of the total number of the Federation Council (upper
chamber) and by at least two-thirds of the total number of the State Duma (lower chamber of the legislature). The issues covered by federal constitutional laws
include the state of emergency, change of the status of a constituent component
of the federation, constitutional amendments, national referendum, any structural changes of the judiciary
. The Russian president may not veto federal consti-
tutional laws.
7. Federal laws are also passed exclusively by the Federal Assembly. Russian laws can be adopted in the form of a code of laws. A code is a complete
collection of rules in an entire subject area
such as: civil code, criminal code,
administrative code or labor code.
8. Decrees and executive regulations. Decrees and directives of the Russian President establish a separate category of legal acts. Another large group of
legal instruments is composed of regulations and instructions issued by the federal government, ministries and other federal agencies.
9. Judicial decisions. According to the Russian legal doctrine, judges are
supposed to use only written law contained in codes, statutes, or regulations
while deciding a case; however, a decision of the Constitutional Court may be
treated as a source of law when the Court repeals
a particular legal act and rules
it unconstitutional; in future this decision shall be followed as stare deci-
sis. Thus, we may say that the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
may act as “a negative legislator”.
10. Universal principles and standards of international law and interna-
tional treaties of the Russian Federation form a stand-alone
source of Russia’s
legal system.
3.2.1. Слова из текста:
statute – законодательный акт парламента
frame of society – социальная система
applicable – применимый, подходящий
define – задать (процедуру); определить, описать
29
criminal responsibility – уголовная ответственность
apply to – использовать, применять
citizenship – гражданство
contractual arrangements – договорные соглашения, отношения на контрактной
основе
taxation – налогообложение
social security – социальное обеспечение, социальное страхование
insurance – страхование
labor relations – трудовые отношения (отношения, возникающие между работо-
дателем и его работником)
employee – служащий; работающий по найму
employer – наниматель, работодатель
rule-of-law state – правовое государство
framework – основные принципы, структура
freedom of conscience – свобода совести, свобода вероисповедания
sanction – санкционировать, разрешать, одобрять
compulsory – принудительный, обязательный
is upheld – поддерживается, защищается, обеспечивается
content – содержание, суть, существо, сущность; значение, смысл
make public – делать общеизвестным
take effect – вступить в силу; возыметь действие
alongside with – наряду с
sanctity – неприкосновенность, святость
personal privacy – неприкосновенность личной жизни
legal assistance – правовая защита
contradict – вступать в противоречие, противоречить
state of emergency – чрезвычайное положение
constituent component – составная часть
judiciary – судебная власть, система судебных органов
entire subject area – предметная область, взятая в целом
repeal – аннулировать, отменить
stand-alone – независимый, самостоятельный, отдельный
3.2.2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. When was the current constitution of the Russian Federation adopted?
2. What authority in our country may act as a negative legislator?
3. What basic rights and freedoms are guaranteed by the Russian Constitu-
tion?
4. What does the phrase “source of law” mean?
5. What general principles should legal rules satisfy in order to be effec-
tively applied?
30
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