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Unit 4. Administrative Law. –

Административное право

4.1. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или W-

Questions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже

текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание

данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

Constitutional, Administrative and Municipal Law:

Explanation of Terms

1. Constitutional law relates to the study, practice, interpretation and ad-

ministration of laws set forth by a country’s constitution. Constitutional law

concerns fundamental questions about the nature of government and society.

2. Constitutional law is usually associated with a set of universal principles

that are promulgated in the text of the country’s constitution. For example the basic principles of the US Constitution are as follows:

– popular sovereignty

people;

– limited government

tution gives to it;

– republicanism – separation of powers

branches: legislative branch

judicial branch

– checks and balances

check or limit the actions of the other two;

– federalism – the constitution allocates powers and responsibilities between a central government and regional or sub-divisional governments; both types of government act directly upon the people through their officials and laws; both types of government are supreme within their proper sphere of authority; both have to give consent to any changes to the constitution;

– individual rights – the constitution protects individual rights and liberties such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, etc.

explains and interprets the laws;

– citizens elect representatives to carry out their will;

– the governments right to rule comes from the

– the government has only the powers that the consti-

– the constitution divides the government into three

makes laws; executive branch carries out the laws;

– each branch of government has the power to

– rule of law – individuals, persons and government shall be regulated by law, and not arbitrary action

by an individual or a group of individuals;

– due process – this fundamental principle of fairness in civil and criminal matters ensures that all legal procedures set by statute and court practice, including notice of rights

, must be followed for each individual so that no pre-

judicial or unequal treatment will result;

– judicial review al, and void

any action that violates a part of the constitution.

– courts have the power to declare unconstitutional, illeg-

3. Administrative law, also known as ‘regulatory law’, is an area of the

law that governs the creation of agencies that aid in

administering governmental powers and functions. Norms of administrative law can include everything from rulemaking to adjudication and enforcement. In other words, these laws often relate to functions akin

to all three branches of government (i.e., legislative, judicial, and executive), but all of them flow from agencies that are considered to be a part of the executive branch.

4. Administrative law consists in large part of rules, regulations, opinions and orders created by government agencies. Agencies that function in an administrative capacity are referred to by various names such as commission, council, board, department, agency, administration, bureau, or office. Depending on their level and jurisdiction they may be charged with national security, citizenship rency, elections, environmental protection

and naturalization, law enforcement, taxation, cur-

, consumer protection, regulation of

responsibility for

transportation, telecommunications, labor relations, trade, commerce, and se- curities markets, as well as with providing health and social services.Meanwhile, all rules and actions created by government agencies must conform to

the constitutional requirements of “due process.” Due process is an issue of fundamental fairness

, the idea that government power should be exercised under the rule of law and not arbitrarily. It is on this issue of due process that constitutional and administrative law often intersect

5. The term ‘municipal law’ is used in English in two different ways. In its

first meaning, municipal law

is simply any law which applies internally within a nation, in contrast with international law. A country’s constitution, for example, would be classified as municipal law because it is concerned with the inter- nal governance of this country.

6. The examples of international law, on the other hand, are ‘The Convention on the Rights of the Child’ or ‘The Treaty of Rome’. Sources of international law include treaties, conventions, international customs

, jus cogens (general principles of law as recognized around the world), the decisions of national and lower courts, and treatises. If there is a conflict between international and municipal law it may be necessary to bring it to an international court for arbitration if no agreement can be reached. International laws are usually structured in a way which is designed to avoid such conflicts.

7. In its second meaning, the term ‘municipal law’ is used specifically to

describe the body of law applicable

within a given municipality. In this sense,

municipal law includes the municipal code, ordinances, and other regulations along with bylaws

. All these norms are usually established by a governing body within the municipality for the purpose of running the municipality smoothly and maintaining public order. Violations of municipal law can subject people to various penalties such as fines or jail time

. People should be aware that ignor-

ance of local ordinances is not accepted as an excuse for violating them.

основные источники информации: http://www.wisegeek.com/;

http://www.enacademic.com/

4.1.1. Слова из текста:

study – изучение, анализ interpretation – толкование, объяснение administration – осуществление, исполнение set forth – формулировать. излагать promulgate – провозгласить, обнародовать, объявить set of universal principles – система всеобщих принципов popular sovereignty – народовластие, народный суверенитет; власть, принадле-

жащая народу

limited government – ограничение власти, ограниченное правление (форма госу-

дарственного устройства, при котором политическая власть ограничена

конституцией и законами) republicanism – республиканская система правления carry out – осуществлять, проводить в жизнь separation of powers – разделение властей, разделение компетенции

legislative branch [‘ledʒıs,leıtıv brænt] – законодательная власть executive branch [ıg’zekjətıv brænt] – исполнительная власть judicial branch [dʒu:’dıəl brænt] – судебная власть

checks and balances – система «сдержек и противовесов» rule of law – верховенство закона arbitrary action – произвол due process – соблюдение предусмотренных законом процедур (процессуальных

норм) notice of rights – уведомление о наличии прав judicial review – судебный контроль (право судебной власти пересматривать и

отменять постановления законодательной и исполнительной властей) void – ничтожный, недействительный aid in – способствовать, содействовать, помогать при akin – сходный, такой же как opinion – оценка; мнение, заключение (специалиста) order – указание, предписание, указ flow from – проистекать, происходить be charged with – брать ответственность, быть ответственным за ...

citizenship – гражданство, права и обязанности гражданина naturalization – предоставление прав гражданства, вступление в иностранное

гражданство law enforcement – обеспечение соблюдения законности environmental protection – защита окружающей среды consumer protection – охрана прав потребителей securities markets – рынок ценных бумаг health and social services – здравоохранение и социальное обеспечение conform to – соответствовать, находиться в соответствии с fairness – справедливость intersect – пересекаться municipal law – 1) внутреннее право страны, национальное право, внутригосу-

дарственное право (касается исключительно граждан или жителей данного

государства, в отличие от политического, коммерческого и международно-

го права), муниципальное право; муниципальное законодательство; законы

о местном самоуправлении (совокупность норм, регулирующих отношения

в области местного самоуправления) internal governance – внутренняя система управления international customs – международные обычаи

jus cogens [dʒs ‘kəυgεnz] – императивные нормы (права) applicable – существующий, действующий, используемый, применимый ordinance – постановление муниципалитета bylaw – подзаконный акт run – управлять smoothly – хорошо, не вызывая проблем, без нареканий, нормально, спокойно,

беспрепятственно, без помех subject – подвергать jail time – тюремное заключение время ignorance – незнание

4.2. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2) Составьте 5 ‘специальных вопросов’ (Special Questions или WQuestions) к тексту, используя информацию из Приложения 1 с комментариями о структуре вопросительного предложения в английском языке. Будьте готовы в ходе занятия задать другим студентам свои вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

4) Подготовьте 5-7 утверждений, выражающих основное содержание данного текста; будьте готовы озвучить эти утверждения в ходе аудиторного занятия.

The Purpose of a Constitution

1. Why do countries have constitutions? The main reasons for creating a constitution are as follows:

2. – To ensure all societies require rules and organizational arrangement for stability. Without a set of basic rules there would be no well-established structure. Constitutions, therefore, provide a set of basic ground rules and principles which establish and regulate the basic framework of the state.

3. – To ensure that government operates by consent and has constitutional and moral legitimacy that: ‘A constitution is not the act of a government, but of a people constituting a government, and a government without a constitution is power without right… A constitution is a thing antecedent is only the creature of a constitution.’

4. – To represent a constitutional watershed ally founded to represent a break with the past in terms of the history, politics and institutional structure of that particular state. The creation of a new constitution will enable that country to draw a clear line under its past and give it the opportunity to establish a new state apparatus by principles which have the clear approval of the people.

5. – A constitutional limit and control on governmental power. As a constitution establishes institutions and invests sibilities, it is the hallmark are controlled, regulated and checked by the constitution itself. A constitution must therefore not only allocate sure that the use of that power is checked; otherwise public power will be mi- sused and abused at the expense of the citizens.

6. – To affirm particular values and goals. All constitutions are by their nature man-made and so drafted with certain underlying principles mind. These could be, for example, the promotion of democratic values, open government, the welfare and public good

stability and order. All countries have a constitution because

in order to provide

. Thomas Paine, writing in the eighteenth century, stated

to a government; and a government

. A state constitution is gener-

with new institutions governed

them with public powers and respon-

of a democratic constitution that these institutions

and distribute public power, but must also en-

and goals in

of the citizens.

Different Types of Constitutions

7. There are various types of constitutions around the world but all of them can be categorized and classified into:

8. – Written constitutions’). A written constitution is one in which the rules of the constitution are located in a single written document entitled ‘The Constitution’. For example, the constitution of the United States can be found in the document called the ‘United States Constitution’, which contains seven Articles along with their various amendments. Similarly, the Indian constitution can be found in a document which comprises almost 400 Articles and nine accompanying

schedules

. In contrast, an unwritten constitution would be one in which the ma-

and unwritten constitutions (aka ‘codified and uncodified

jor constitutional rules of the state could not be found in a single written document – as in the United Kingdom.

Figure 4. Constitutions.

9. – Rigid and flexible constitutions. Constitutions are also classified ac- cording to whether or not there is a special procedure which must be followed in order to change the constitutional text. In order to alter the content and provisions of a rigid constitution, a complicated

procedure is stipulated. For example, a proposed amendment may require the approval of the people in a national referendum and/or the use of special majorities

in the Parliament. In contrast, a flexible constitution is one in which the content and principles of the constitution can be amended by the ordinary legislative process which is used to alter non-constitutional laws. Israel, New Zealand and the United Kingdom provide examples of flexible constitutions. Flexible constitutions are much less common than rigid constitutions because constitutional rules, by their nature, are viewed as being fundamental, and so should be more difficult to change than other laws.

10. – Federal and unitary constitutions. A federal constitution (such as in

the United States, Australia and Germany) is one where the powers and responsibilities of the institutions of the state are constitutionally divided between the centre (federal institutions) and the regions/states/provinces. For example, in the United States the federal (national) Congress has specified powers and responsibilities under the constitution (e.g. in relation to national and international af- fairs). In contrast, the legislatures of the various states (e.g. Florida, California, etc.) have powers and responsibilities which relate specifically to the regulation and government of that particular state.

основной источник информации: Ryan M. Unlocking Constitutional & Administrative Law. 3-rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.

4.2.1. Слова из текста:

ensure – обеспечивать organizational arrangement – организационная структура well-established – прочно установившийся legitimacy – легитимность, правомерность, законность Thomas Paine – Томас Пейн (1737 – 1809), англо-американский писатель, фило-

соф, публицист, прозванный «крёстным отцом США». constituting – образующий, учреждающий, устанавливающий, создающий antecedent – предшественник watershed – граница между двумя этапами, эпохами state apparatus – государственный аппарат invest with – наделять hallmark – отличительный признак allocate – закреплять, предоставлять distribute – распределять misuse and abuse – злоупотреблять и неверно употреблять underlying principle – основополагающий принцип promotion – содействие, поддержка public good – общественное благо, общее благо written constitution – писаная конституция unwritten constitution – неписаная конституция schedule – приложение, добавление rigid – устойчиво закреплённый, неизменный flexible – гибкий, легко изменяемый complicated – сложный, запутанный, тяжелый stipulate – оговаривать в качестве особого условия special majority – квалифицированное большинство, особо установленное боль-

шинство unitary – унитарный, единый international affairs – международные дела

4.3. Выполните следующие задания:

1) Прочитайте и переведите текст.

3) Составьте список из 7-9 ключевых слов из представленного ниже текста.

Functions and Powers of Administrative Agencies

1. Administrative agencies come into existence when legislative bodies recognize that they cannot achieve desired economic and social goals within the existing governmental structure. The necessity for administrative agencies is based on the fact that they can assemble tinuously work toward achieving legislatively determined objectives

2. Legislatures establish an administrative agency by enacting a statute called an ‘enabling act

’. In addition to creating the agency, this act determines its organizational structure, defines its functions and powers, and establishes basic operational standards and guidelines appropriate courts control the abuse of discretion tives to assess whether an agency is operating according to the legislature’s intent. Agencies can also be created by executive orders authorized by statute.

3. Administrative agencies perform a variety of functions. For example,

they monitor

businesses and professions in order to prevent the use of unfair methods of competition and the use of deceptive practices; they help ensure that manufacturers produce pure medications sume; and they function to protect society from environmental pollution and in- sider stock-trading practices.

4. Most administrative agencies perform their functions by exercising three

legislatively delegated powers: rulemaking power, and adjudicative

states

that the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government

power. Although the separation of powers doctrine

should not exist in the same person or group of persons, the courts have ruled that combining such functions within a single agency does not conflict with the doctrine.

5. The rulemaking power of administrative agencies covers a vast range

of business and government functions. Rulemaking is often referred to as the quasi-legislative function of administrative agencies to make, alter, or repeal rules and regulations to the extent specified in their enabling acts. An agency

experts who focus on one area and con-

. These standards and guidelines help

. Courts also use written direc-

and that food products are safe to con-

power, investigative (executive)

possessing the rulemaking power is obliged to comply with duly established procedures when making and promulgating rules, and the rules themselves must be necessary for the agency to fulfill its statutory duties.

6. There are essentially three types of administrative rules: substantive

, in-

terpretive, and procedural:

– Substantive rules are used to establish and implement policies that assist

an agency in accomplishing its statutorily established objectives

– An interpretive rule is used to explain an agency’s interpretation of an

ambiguous

that the legislature has neglected

statute, or its understanding of the meaning of an important term

to define. Although interpretive rules are not

enforceable to the same extent as laws, courts will often find interpretive rules

persuasive

rule’s development

if the agency has relied on its own expertise and experience in the

, and the agency’s actions are within its statutory scope of

authority.

– Procedural rules are developed to establish standard operating procedures

within an agency.

7. Investigative power. Agencies cannot operate without access to

for intelligent regulation and adjudication

. Thus, the investigative power is con-

facts

ferred on practically all administrative agencies. Statutes commonly grant an agency the power to use several methods to carry out its fact-finding

functions, such as requiring reports from regulated businesses, conducting inspections, and using judicially enforced subpoenas

8. The power to investigate is one of the functions that distinguishes

agencies from courts. This power is usually exercised in order to perform other primary functions properly

. However, some agencies are created primarily to perform the fact-finding or investigative function. Like any other power or function of the government, it must be exercised so as not to violate constitutionally protected rights. The constitutional limitations require that (a) the investigation is authorized by law and undertaken tion sought

is relevant, (c) the demand for information is sufficiently specific

for a legitimate purpose, (b) the informa-

and not unreasonably burdensome, and (d) the information sought is not privi- leged.

9. Adjudicative power. When an agency’s action involves the rulemaking

function, it need not make use of judicial procedures. The adjudicative power delegated to administrative agencies, however, requires it to make determina- tions of a targeted person’s legal rights, duties, and obligations and for this reason adjudicatory hearings resemble

10. Before sanctions can be imposed, an alleged violator

a court’s decision-making process.

is entitled to an administrative hearing that is conducted according to the procedures specified in the enabling act and that complies with the due process requirements of the constitution.

11. Limits on agency power. Several restraints counteract

the broad pow-

er and independence of administrative agencies:

– limits on delegating power to agencies;

– constitutional due process requirements that apply to administrative

processes;

– political control; – constitutional guarantees; – laws enforcing public accountability

;

– judicial review.

основной источник информации: Schubert F.A. Introduction to Law and the Legal System. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.

4.3.1. Слова из текста:

come into existence – возникать, появляться assemble – собирать, объединять legislatively determined objectives – цели, установленные в законодательном по-

рядке; задачи, определённые законодателем enact – издавать, принимать, вводить в действие enabling act – уполномочивающий акт, законодательный акт о предоставлении

полномочий guidelines – руководящие указания, основные принципы abuse of discretion – произвол, злоупотребление правом действия по усмотре-

нию; злоупотребление дискреционным правом monitor – осуществлять текущий контроль, проверять unfair methods of competition – методы недобросовестной конкуренции deceptive practices – нечестная практика, мошенничество pure medications – качественные медикаменты environmental pollution – загрязнение окружающей среды insider stock-trading – внутренняя торговля акциями (незаконные сделки по куп-

ле-продаже акций, совершаемые, когда покупатель или продавец распола-

гает какой-л. конфиденциальной (инсайдерской) информацией о компа-

нии-эмитенте, напр., сведениями о предстоящем поглощении компании) rulemaking – регламентация, нормотворчество investigative [ın’vestıgətıv] – занимающийся расследованием или изучением, от-

носящийся к расследованию adjudicative [ə’dʒu:dıkeıtıv] – судебный state – формулировать, зафиксировать, утверждать fulfill – исполнять, воплощать, осуществлять comply with – подчиняться, соблюдать duly established – созданный должным образом, принятый в установленном по-

рядке substantive [‘sbstəntıv] – материально-правовой interpretive – объяснительный, пояснительный, толковательный procedural [prə’si:dʒərəl] – процессуальный, относящийся к процедуре

objective – цель, задача

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