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Файл:Международный экзамен по английскому языку. Устный ответ
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Подготовка к устному ответу 71
Что? My generation believes that life should be equal
parts of work and rest.
Почему?
1. We should work to live and live to work.
2. To earn money for living is to be independent.
3. Independence provides choice and freedom.
Вы указали несколько причин, почему, с вашей точ
ки зрения, для современного поколения работа и отдых
важны в равной степени.
Пример 2.
Задание: Some people believe that the Earth is being
harmed by human activity. Others feel that human activity
makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion?
Главный тезис: I think scientific progress has brought
great changes, both positive and negative, into our life.
Что? I think scientific progress has brought great
changes.
Почему? Lifestyle and life expectancy have changed.
How much more convenient life has become as we can
now even work in the plane if we have a laptop.
Disadvantages of the scientific revolution are obvious.
Ваш главный тезис, который прозвучит во Введении,
гласит о том, что, по вашему мнению, научный прогресс
принес человечеству не только радость, но и разочаро
вание. Дальше вы развиваете этот тезис, указывая не
сколько причин, почему вы так думаете. Вы начинаете
с того, что изменился стиль жизни и продолжительность
жизни. Затем вы говорите о том, что научнотехнический
прогресс коренным образом изменил жизнь общества, осо
бенно в сфере технологий и коммуникации, и вы не пред
ставляете себе современную жизнь без компьютера или
мобильного телефона. Однако далее вы вправе отметить,
72 Как успешно дать устный ответ
что технический прогресс принес человечеству не только
положительные, но и негативные моменты. Например, если
раньше человек больше времени проводил в кругу семьи,
с родственниками, друзьями или за чтением книг, то се
годня лучшим его другом стал компьютер или автомобиль,
а семья страдает от недостатка внимания и заботы. Если
вам удастся убедительно развить свою точку зрения, ар
гументировать ее и проиллюстрировать на примерах, то
успех вашего ответа гарантирован. Очень важно эффек
тивно организовать аргументацию главного тезиса.
Task 22. Design the supporting ideas to the main thesis.
1. Not only in need may you lose your friend, but also
in a very common situation like ours.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
2. Twentysix letters can be arranged in upwards of half
a million combinations, many seemingly random, to form
the basis of the English language.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
3. I am sure that small talks, quarrels about nothing serious
may cause sharp contradictions about important issues.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. Thus it is not definitely clear what to do during your
study at the high school: either to read a lot of books or
work getting experience.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Подготовка к устному ответу 73
5. As for me, I have changed physically and mentally
since my childhood.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
6. In my opinion, despite all ups and downs of life I
value my life experience: it makes me more sophisticated
and mature. I believe that “there is no gain without pain.”
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
*Task 23. Clarify the supporting ideas to the main thesis from the
following extracts. Give reasons, prove your choice with the correspond=
ing vocabulary.
1. Пример
The Super Strong Handle will give you extra help where
you need it most. The powerful twin suction cups will in
stantly lock this handle on the side of your bathtub or
shower wall. This ensures you get a good firm grip and
added security whilst getting in and out of the bath tub,
showering or even getting on or off the toilet.
With NO fixing of any kind, anybody can quickly, con
veniently and easily attach the handle securely.
With the simple flick of a lever, the handle can be ef
fortlessly unlocked and relocated as many times as you
wish. This simple but stable locking system makes the Su
per Strong Handle ideal for holidays, family visits, etc.,
so you can feel safe — anywhere.
(Daily Mail, 2007)
Главный тезис (ЧТО):
The Super Strong Handle will give you extra help where
you need it most.
74 Как успешно дать устный ответ
With NO fixing of any kind, anybody can quickly, con
veniently and easily attach the handle securely.
Аргументация (ПОЧЕМУ):
The powerful twin suction cups will instantly lock this
handle on the side of your bathtub or shower wall.
With the simple flick of a lever, the handle can be ef
fortlessly unlocked and relocated as many times as you wish.
Лексические соответствия:
Extra help — a good firm grip
With no fixing — with the simple flick of a lever
Quickly, conveniently and easily — effortlessly
Attach — unlock and relocate
Securely — you can feel safe; ensures you added security
2. Less than 5 percent of the working population could
be working in the manufacturing sector by 2050, a report
from the leftleaning thinktank, the Institute for Public
Policy Research, says today (Christine Buckley writes).
Currently, manufacturing accounts for about 20 per
cent of Britain’s overall output and 16 percent of direct
employment. The gloomy forecast comes as trade unions
are stepping up pressure on the Government to stem the
decline of the manufacturing sector. The institute, how
ever, argues that the fall in manufacturing should not be
artificially resisted. The thinktank says: “There is no
reason that the longterm trends for the manufacturing
sector to shrink as a proportion of the advanced indus
trial economies will halt or reverse should not in any case
be a goal of public policy. The correct objective is not a
larger manufacturing sector but a successful manufactur
ing sector.”
The report also argues that it is impossible to gauge the
effectiveness of grants to industry from the Department
of Trade and Industry.
Подготовка к устному ответу 75
It states that a common characteristic of government
grants is the “lack of robust evaluation of these schemes,
with the quality of the analysis critically compromised by
the extensive use of interview survey data rather than the
econometric analysis of performance data.”
(Daily Express, 2003)
3. Air travel is providing a success story as passenger
numbers continue to soar, but it has also become the gov
ernment’s latest transport headache. Rising demand for
air travel, fuelled by the growth of nofrills airlines,
means ministers are faced with hard choices over how to
extend airport capacity to cope. Consultation over air
expansion plans is expected to lead to proposals for new
runways in the congested southeast of England, which
would lead to lengthy planning battles whether Heathrow,
another airport or new site is finally chosen. By contrast,
supporters of Edinburgh and Glasgow are fighting to secure
the extra runway likely to be required in central Scotland
in the long term. Ministers are also under pressure over
the environmental effects of unrestricted growth in air
travel, but argue international curbs must be agreed.
(The Scotsman, 2003)
Task 24. Think of a suitable main thesis to the following supporting
ideas.
1. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— The disagreement was connected with our daily rou
tine.
— We decided not to share our household chores any
more. Our friendship came to an end.
76 Как успешно дать устный ответ
2. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— Life experience is very useful for me.
— My attitude to knowledge gained from books.
3. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— 5 years ago I didn’t know how to start business.
— Today I have become more sophisticated in life and
mature in running business.
4. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— Positive and negative effects of longer life expect
ancy.
— Some problems of overpopulated cities. Mass unem
ployment as a consequence.
5. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— There are so many beautiful buildings in our city.
Some of them are the most significant.
— Places have special meanings for you if they are con
nected with something dear to your heart.
6. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— If I am interested in my work, I am able to work ef
ficiently during any part of the day.
Подготовка к устному ответу 77
— Sometimes I am moody to do the work during the day
and prefer to become the “midnight oil.”
7. __________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
— To use some land for pleasure — to build a country
house and live there.
— My dream is to combine business and pleasure.
*Task 25. Match the main thesis to the corresponding supporting
idea.
Main thesis Supporting idea
1. I believe that education is a real a) People should have a right for
opportunity to survive in our severe peace and quiet environment.
environment. I know I want to do something for
2. I think scientific progress has these people.
brought great changes, both positive b) In the past (prehistoric times)
and negative, into our life. men didn’t cook… only women.
3. I am too concerned about the way c) How much more convenient life
we live, and I place a lot of importance has become as we can now even
on reducing noise pollution in my work in the plane if we have a
neighbourhood. laptop.
4. When I travel on business I choose d) Value for time or value for
a plane — the quickest way of money?
transport while travelling for pleasure e) A response to general public
I prefer to save money, not time. curiosity.
5. The development of modern f) People always realize the
technology enables us to cook meals necessity of getting education.
easier and save time.
6. Nowadays according to the laws
of show business private life of famous
people has aroused a great interest in
the mass media circles as well as among
the general public.
78 Как успешно дать устный ответ
III. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Какую функцию выполняет Заключение?
Заключение так же, как и Введение, выполняет осо
бую функцию, лишь с той разницей, что Введение не
должно «подкачать» в начале вашего обращения к слу
шателю, а Заключение — в конце. При неудачном Вве
дении собеседник будет разочарован сразу. Слабое За
ключение испортит впечатление от всего вашего ответа,
сведет на нет самое удачное сообщение. И, наоборот,
интересная концовка даст энергетический заряд, улуч
шит впечатление от услышанного сообщения, которое в
целом может быть весьма посредственным. Во Введении
вы приглашаете собеседника к общению, в Заключении
вы ставите точку, делаете вывод, доводите до логическо
го конца главную идею вашего высказывания.
*Task 26. Complete each extract with the appropriate conclusion.
1. This collection of interactive, multimedia computer
discs includes everything your child needs to help them
with school work and improve their general knowledge.
Using video clips, documentaries, animations and virtual
reality sequences, the discs cover everything from space to
nature, science to history, geography to the workings of
the human body.
(Daily Mail, 2007)
2. Two weeks later, the gentleman returns to Scotland.
He calls Rolls to settle his bill. But no one at the company
has any recollection of his Austrian diversion. The gentle
man says: “I don’t understand. You sent the chap your
self.”
(Daily Express, 2003)
Подготовка к устному ответу 79
3. There were high hopes that the transport network
would get much better. New Labour promised boldly to
reduce road use, congestion and pollution and to introduce
massive improvements to get more people on to public
transport. New Labour, the government said, meant a New
Way for transport.
(The Scotsman, 2003)
4. The study involved 64,338 men 40 and older who
participated in a national survey in 1991 when none of
them had ever had a stroke. Researchers followed up in
1999 and 2000 and found 3,434 had had strokes, and of
these, 1,848 had died.
Further analysis showed the risk of stroke incidence
was 22% higher and risk of mortality 30% higher among
men who drank the most — at least 35 drinks a week —
compared with nondrinkers. “Alcohol consumption was
significantly related to increased stroke incidence and
mortality,” said the researchers from the USA and China.
Stroke is the leading cause of death in China and ac
counts for more than 20% of mortality among men.
(USA Today, 2007)
Заключение может быть похоже по содержанию на Вве
дение, и вы вновь, как и во Введении, говорите о главном
тезисе, но уже другими словами. В небольших сообщени
ях (а у нас именно такой случай) следует избегать повто
ров. Ваш реальный слушатель не должен слышать одина
ковых фраз, предложений — он может подумать, что ваш
словарный запас невелик и вам нечего больше сказать.
Поэтому вам, прежде чем завершить свой устный ответ
на поставленный вопрос, следует перефразировать ваш глав
ный тезис. Вы не должны повторять его точьвточь. Во
Введении вы уже заявили о нем, потом вы его доказали,
80 Как успешно дать устный ответ
теперь ваша задача подытожить сказанное — то, что вы
хотели донести до собеседника, только другими слова
ми: скорее всего ему надо напомнить, а не повторять то,
что вы уже сказали во Введении, — напомнить о том, с
чего все начиналось. В Заключении необходимо вспом
нить о главном тезисе и, таким образом, придать свое
му ответу завершенность. Такой подход к построению
высказывания даст вашему собеседнику возможность
почувствовать, что он сделал некий круг вместе с вами
и вместе с вами размышлял над главным тезисом (про
блемой).
Task 27. Turn the following introductions into corresponding con=
clusions, that is, restate the main thesis using different words.
Do you remember learning your ABCs? As children we
are taught to recite the alphabet forwards, backwards and
inside out. Twentysix letters which can be arranged in
upwards of half a million combinations, many seemingly
random, to form the basis of the English language. A bil
lion people speak worldwide, making it the thirdlargest
language, behind Chinese and Spanish. But how well do we
understand its idiosyncrasies? For example, can you name
a word that contains only consonants? Do you know where
the word potato originated? Now, an exciting new book
answers these questions and charts the secret life of the
English language.
Have you ever had any serious disagreements between
your friend and you? Misunderstanding can cause problems
and even break your friendship. Therefore, I can’t agree
with the proverb: “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” It
doesn’t reflect a true friendship. Not only in need may you
lose your friend, but also in a very common situation like
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