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Файл:Международный экзамен по английскому языку. Устный ответ
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Подготовка к устному ответу 101
Tip the fruit into a shallow baking dish, then toss in
the sludgy sugar.
Roast for 20 minutes until the fruits have softened but
not collapsed and the sugar and fruit juices have made a
sticky sauce.
Leave the fruit to cool a little, then serve straight from
the dish with ice cream.
Any leftovers will keep in the fridge for up to 2 days.
(Daily Mail, 2007)
7. Justice demands that sentencing is both fair and con
sistent. The punishment must fit the crime. No more, no less.
The Sentencing Guidelines Council is a new body. Inde
pendent of Government, it will be chaired by the Lord
Chief Justice of England and Wales. Supported by the Sen
tencing Advisory Panel, it will draw up benchmarks for
sentencing.
As Head of the Secretariat supporting both bodies, you
will be working at the heart of Criminal Justice. It is a
challenging, high profile role in which you will be the vis
ible head of the operation and principal point of contract.
You will be responsible for establishing a new team inte
grating the small secretariat currently supporting the Ad
visory Panel. Key tasks will include advising at senior level
on policy and strategic issues, ensuring the effective run
ning of the new secretariat and building relationships with
a range of interested parties, including the media.
To succeed, you will need a good understanding of crim
inal justice issues, of the place of guidelines in sentencing
and of current policy concerns. The ability to command the
respect of the judiciary and practitioners in the field is
vital. You should also be able to demonstrate strategic
vision, strong analytical and communication skills and a
flair for motivating and directing your team.
102 Как успешно дать устный ответ
In return we offer an attractive package. This is fixed
term appointment for three years, with the possibility of
extension or permanency.
For further information or an application pack please
call our Recruitment Line on 084530958775 or Minicom
on 12088769884 quoting reference 345267. Your call may
be recorded for training purposes.
(The Times, 2003)
*Task 35. Make up the assignment to the answers above.
Часть
УСТНЫЙ ОТВЕТ
II
Итак, подготовка к устному ответу завершена. Вы
научились определять языковую функцию сообщения,
знаете, кто ваш потенциальный слушатель и в каком
стиле отвечать на поставленный вопрос; вы даже пред
ставляете себе, как структурировать свой ответ, чтобы
в нем было введение, главный тезис и его аргументация,
а также заключение. Теперь настало время приступить
непосредственно к ответу на вопрос. На этом этапе вам
необходимо воспользоваться вашими знаниями и дать
исчерпывающий, содержательный ответ на поставлен
ный вопрос. В течение нескольких секунд, которые от
водятся на восприятие и осознания вопроса, надо суметь
«выхватить» из океана знаний только те, которые необ
ходимы для ответа на данный вопрос, и продемонстри
ровать их под определенным углом — в соответствии с
задачей. Помните, что у вас проверяют не столько глу
бину ваших знаний, сколько широту ваших знаний на
тему: «Мы и мир вокруг нас», вашу общую эрудицию и
кругозор, сообразительность, быстроту реакции.
То, о чем вас спросят на экзамене, узнать невозмож
но, однако подготовиться к экзамену в ваших силах, по
скольку в целом, как уже отмечалось, все экзаменацион
ные вопросы можно отнести к одной из двух категорий:
1 — вопросы с опорой на фоновые знания (background
knowledge), опыт, эрудицию;
104 Как успешно дать устный ответ
2 — вопросы с опорой на фоновую информацию (back
ground information) — текст, схему, план (карту) мест
ности, картинки, график.
Глава 1. ВОПРОСЫ С ОПОРОЙ НА ФОНОВЫЕ
ЗНАНИЯ
Вопросы (задания) с опорой на фоновые знания, опыт
и эрудицию предполагают интересный, аргументирован
ный и грамотный ответ на темы социальнобытового ха
рактера, например:
What do you think (give your opinion) about the gen
eration gap?
Define and explain the concept ‘family’.
Tell your friend about teenagers and their pursuits.
Give examples.
Define the term ‘subculture’. Illustrate your answer.
Advertise St. Petersburg as a unique city. Support your
presentation.
Suggest one place in your city your guest should visit
and justify your recommendation with reason.
Prove the wellknown quotation: “Some books are to be
tasted, others to be swallowed or digested”.
Imagine that your friend wants to learn English. Re
commend him/her what way of learning language to choose.
Give reasons.
Persuade your friend to learn English. Give reasons.
Announce the route of your trip in the UK. Emphasize
the main places of interest.
За 60 или 90 секунд (в задании всегда указано конк
ретное время на ответ) вам следует дать четко структу
рированный и аргументированный ответ (см. Часть I
Устный ответ 105
предлагаемого пособия). Зная порядок (алгоритм) ваших
действий и не теряя ни секунды, вы должны приступить
к ответу на поставленный вопрос, опираясь на весь ба
гаж ваших знаний, опыт и эрудицию.
Таким образом, ваша главная задача — овладеть этим
самым багажом знаний. И не только! Более того, — уметь
им воспользоваться. Как это сделать?
Прежде всего, необходимо научиться работать с тек
1
стом
, иными словами, с информацией, которая способ
ствует формированию у человека базисных (фоновых)
знаний, расширяет кругозор, развивает эрудицию, по
зволяет накапливать опыт.
РАБОТА С ТЕКСТОМ
1. Учитывая тематику приведенных в самом начале гла
вы десяти вопросов, возьмем десять следующих текстов:
Some Thoughts about the Generation Gap and about Myself
The Family Is One of the Nature’s Masterpieces
Teenagers and Their Pursuits
Youth Culture and Beliefs
Our City
Russian Painting
Books and Reading
Learning Foreign Languages
The Importance of Learning English
A Trip to the UK
1
В учебном пособии производится как работа с текстом, так и
работа над текстом. Сначала, при определении главного тезиса и его
аргументации, нам необходимо поработать над текстом. Далее, в процессе
формирования ответа на вопрос, нам предстоит воспользоваться
информацией, содержащейся в тексте как базисными знаниями. Таким
образом, работа над текстом выльется в работу с текстом (с помощью
текста). (Прим. авт.)
106 Как успешно дать устный ответ
2. Изучим информацию, представленную в десяти
текстах, и сфокусируем ее на упомянутых выше десяти
вопросах.
При подготовке к устному ответу (Часть I) вы озна
комились с принципами формирования и аргументации
главного тезиса определенного фрагмента речи (текста).
Работа над текстом как над фрагментом инфор
мации будет идентична работе над устным высказы
ванием. Дальнейшая работа с текстом должна спо
собствовать формированию ответа на конкретный
вопрос, поскольку наша цель — максимально использо
вать полученную информацию для ответа.
Пример:
Task 1.
1. Squeeze the main thesis of the text.
2. Clarify the supporting ideas to the main thesis.
3. Define the Introduction.
4. Define the Conclusion.
5. Point out the transitions and conversational formulas.
6. Give your OPINION about the generation gap. (150–180 words;
response time — 60–90 seconds)
TEXT 1
Some Thoughts about the Generation Gap
and about Myself
Family life is the most important aspect of social life
in any society. But the greatest problem inside any family
is a question of the gap between generations. What does it
mean?
Устный ответ 107
There is no definition to this notion. But the problem
still exists. The Protestants in England believed that per
sonal faith was important, and put extra responsibility on
the head of the family. As a result, all the rest members
of the family had to be obedient to him. Moreover, from
the early 17th century children were frequently beaten to
break their ‘sinful’ will. The children who were not beaten
were unusual.
What about our modern generation? Nowadays, the
Victorian attitude to children, when children were to be
seen and not heard, has vanished. The majority of young
people all over the world accept most of the beliefs and
customs of their parents. But there is a great difference
between the two generations — children have to become
more independent nowadays. Not only has the style of life
changed, but also the values of life have changed a lot.
Teenagers listen to different music and wear different
clothes; they don’t read much, they don’t work much, but
they are fond of spending their leisure time in front of the
TV sets or computer screens; furthermore, they are crazy
about discos and night clubs.
Frankly speaking, modern youth is quite different from
the youth of previous years. They are better educated; they
enjoy more freedom, more money to spend. I think that all
the parents should understand that life has changed since
their youth. Unfortunately, sometimes the parents believe
that their critical comments could encourage their off
springs to greater efforts. They, however, have got the op
posite effect. After a good portion of criticism the child los
es a great deal of his confidence. The lack of selfconfidence
which is based on ignorance and narrowmindedness leads
to despair; the young people feel shy, clumsy, awkward;
their hearts are easily broken. In such a situation their par
ents’ authority will cause them great unhappiness. Instead,
108 Как успешно дать устный ответ
it is better to rebel against your own inability to cope with
your own problems and start from scratch; find the support
and approval among your friends, contemporaries and, of
course, your parents. Nevertheless, your parents are not
always right. They are used to saying that the youngsters
are not the same what they used to be. It is obvious that
every new generation is different from the one that preced
ed it. On the one hand, we observe constant conflicts, on the
other hand, extreme permissiveness which provides disap
pointment and the feeling of frustration and, therefore,
the failure in making a success. Thus, it is necessary to dis
tinguish extreme permissiveness from selfconfidence; self
confidence is always a result of a successful education and
democratic relationships among all the members of the
family. On top of everything, selfconfidence is necessary
to gain a firm social position in the society. As for me, I am
going to become a top manager in economics and I’ll try to
do my best to be a success. I believe that selfconfidence will
help me in taking risks. But I can’t do without my family
that supports me in setting goals and getting my ideas
across. Before making a decision I always listen to my par
ents’ advice, I rely on their experience and share their in
sights.
I know that it is difficult to foresee what will happen
in future, but I am sure that my success will depend to a
large degree on my abilities and the mutual understand
ing with my family.
Main Thesis:
The majority of young people all over the world accept
most of the beliefs and customs of their parents. But there
is a great difference between the two generations — chil
dren have to become more independent nowadays. Not only
has the style of life changed, but also the values of life
Устный ответ 109
have changed a lot. I think that all the parents should un
derstand that life has changed since their youth.
Supporting ideas:
Teenagers listen to different music and wear different
clothes; they don’t read much, they don’t work much, but
they are fond of spending their leisure time in front of the
TV sets or computer screens; furthermore, they are crazy
about discos and night clubs.
Frankly speaking, modern youth is quite different from
the youth of previous years. They are better educated; they
enjoy more freedom, more money to spend.
On the one hand, we observe constant conflicts, on the
other hand, extreme permissiveness which provides disap
pointment and the feeling of frustration and, therefore, the
failure in making a success. Thus, it is necessary to distin
guish extreme permissiveness from selfconfidence; selfcon
fidence is always a result of a successful education and dem
ocratic relationships among all the members of the family.
Introduction:
Family life is the most important aspect of the social life
in any society. But the greatest problem inside any family
is a question of the gap between generations. What does it
mean?
There is no definition to this notion. But the problem still
exists. The Protestants in England believed that personal
faith was important, and put extra responsibility on the head
of the family. As a result, all the rest members of the family
had to be obedient to him. Moreover, from the early 17th cen
tury children were frequently beaten to break their ‘sinful’
will. The children who were not beaten were unusual.
Conclusion:
As for me, I am going to become a top manager in eco
nomics and I’ll try to do my best to be a success. I believe
that selfconfidence will help me in taking risks. But I
110 Как успешно дать устный ответ
can’t do without my family that supports me in setting
goals and getting my ideas across. Before making a deci
sion I always listen to my parents’ advice, I rely on their
experience and share their insights.
I know that it is difficult to foresee what will happen
in future, but I am sure that my success will depend to a
large degree on my abilities and the mutual understand
ing with my family.
Transitions and Conversational Formulas:
Family life is the most important aspect of the social
life in any society. But the greatest problem inside any
family is a question of the gap between generations. What
does it mean?
There is no definition to this notion. But the problem still
exists. The Protestants in England believed that personal
faith was important, and put extra responsibility on the head
of the family. As a result, all the rest members of the family
had to be obedient to him. Moreover, from the early 17th cen
tury children were frequently beaten to break their ‘sinful’
will. The children who were not beaten were unusual.
What about our modern generation? Nowadays, the
Victorian attitude to children, when children were to be
seen and not heard, has vanished. The majority of young
people all over the world accept most of the beliefs and
customs of their parents. But there is a great difference
between the two generations — children have to become
more independent nowadays. Not only has the style of life
changed, but also the values of life have changed a lot.
Teenagers listen to different music and wear different
clothes; they don’t read much, they don’t work much, but
they are fond of spending their leisure time in front of the
TV sets or computer screens; furthermore, they are crazy
about discos and night clubs.
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