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Файл:Английский язык для магистров в сфере государственного и муниципального управления = English for masters in state and municipal management. Практикум.pdf
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4. At a meeting with your bank manager, whom you want to ask for a loan.
8.3 Grammar work
Ex. 1 Choose the correct form of the verbs
1. If I miss / I’ll miss the bus this afternoon, I’ll get a taxi instead.
2. We'll have to go without John if he doesn't arrive / won't arrive soon.
3. They won't refund / didn't refund your money if you haven't kept your receipt.
4. Will you send me a postcard when you reach / you'll reach Mexico?
5. If I make some coffee, do you cut / will you cut the cake?
6. Did you work / Would you work harder if you were better paid?
7. If you don't complain / didn't complain so much, you might be more popular.
8. Please don't sign any contracts before I'm checking / I've checked them.
9. Weren't my friends / Wouldn't my friends be envious if they could only see
me now!
Ex. 2 Fill the gaps in the sentences, using the words given
1. If I had more money, would you marry , (you / marry) me?
2. He wouldn't help you if ................ (he / not / like) you.
3. (you / find) the machine is quite simple to operate if you look at the
manual.
4. (your parents / not / be) proud if they could see you now?
5. If .................... (I / not / revise) thoroughly, I may fail my test.
6. If you wanted to buy someone a really good present, what sort of thing ...........
(you / look for)?
7. You'd have a lot more friends if. ..................... (you / not / be) so mean.
8. How ...................... (you / feel) if you were in my position?
9. Would you change your job if. ................... (you / can)?
Ex. 3 Complete the questions in the conversations
1. EVA: I don't know what's happened to my dictionary. I've looked everywhere
for it.
SUE: What will you do if you don’t find it?
EVA: I suppose I'll have to buy a new one.
2.
TIM: I'm thinking of applying for the manager's job.
ANN: Really? How ..................... if ...................... ?
TIM: Oh, about £2,000 a year more than now, I suppose.
Conditional sentences
( If I do / If I did )
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3. MAY: I don't know what I'm going to do about money. I can't even pay this
week's rent.
LEE: .................... if ..................... ?
MAY: Well, it would help, of course. But I can't borrow from you.
LEE: Don't be silly. How much do you want?
IAN: This room is so dark and dull.
4.
PHIL: What .................... if ................... ?
IAN: White, I think. And I'd have white curtains.
PHIL: You'd spend a lot of time cleaning it.
IAN: But at least I'd be able to see!
BILL: I don't think I'm going to pass my driving test next week.
5.
BEN: What ...................... if .................... ?
BILL: I won't be able to get the job I want at the warehouse. They said I must
be able to drive.
Ex. 4 Lisa is talking to her tutor about what she might do when she leaves
college. Use the words given to make sentences.
TUTOR: Do you have any plans for next year?
LISA: Well, (1) ................ I / travel / if I / afford it. But I don't have any money.
I’d travel if I could afford it .
TUTOR: (2) ................ If you / find / a job abroad / you / take it?
LISA: (3) ............... If it / be / somewhere I want to go I / certainly / consider it
carefully.
TUTOR : What about working as an 'au pair'?
LISA: (4) ................ I / only / consider / that if I / be / sure about the family.
(5) If they / not / treat / me well, /I/be very miserable.
TUTOR: Yes. (6) ................ You / have to be sure to use a reputable agency.
We have a list in the office. (7) ................. I/get/ you one if you / be interested.
LISA: Yes, I am. Urn, (8) ............... if I / decide / to apply / you / give / me a
reference?
TUTOR: Of course. Well, I hope you succeed, whatever you decide to do.
LISA: Thank you very much. I'll let you know.
TUTOR: Yes, I'd like that. Goodbye.
LISA: Goodbye.
If I did / If I had done
Ex. 5 Complete the following conversations
1. SEAN: Why didn't you go to the party last night?
JIM: I wasn't invited.
SEAN: So would you have gone if you'd been invited ?
2. JILL: Jane's a very bright girl, isn't she?
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MILLY: Yes. I............... if ................ as bright as she is.
JILL: What would you do instead?
MILLY: I'd get a job doing something exciting, where I'd meet interesting
people and visit lots of different places.
3. SAM: Why did you ask Veronica about her boyfriend? It really upset her.
MICK: Well I didn't realise they'd split up.
SAM: You didn't know, then?
MICK: Of course not. If. ...............
4. TIM: Hey, look at that motorbike. What a beauty.
PAT: Look out! Mind that litter bin.
TIM: Ouch! I've hurt my leg.
PAT: Serves you right. You ............... if ...............
5. BEN: Can I have a sandwich?
JOE: Well, I've only got this one left. No one told me you were going to be
here.
BEN: If ............... ?
JOE: Of course I would. Remember to let me know next time.
6.
JOHN: Do you love me?
ROSE: You know I do.
JOHN: Would ............... ?
ROSE: But you're rich.
JOHN: I've just lost all my money.
ROSE: You're joking!
JOHN: Well, yes, I am. But if ................ ?
ROSE: I'd say good-bye.
JOHN: Now you're joking.
ROSE: Oh no, I'm not!
Ex. 6 Complete the following sentences with your own ideas
1. What will you do if you miss your plane?
2. He'd be more friendly if he realized who we were.
3. If I hadn't arrived, they wouldn't have known what to do.
4. If I lend you this book, will you take great care of it ?
5. You wouldn't have felt ill if you ............... .
6. If she didn't gossip about her friends, she ............... .
7. Would you forgive me if I ............... .
8. What would happen if I ............... .
9. If he had listened to my advice, he ............... .
10. If you were asked to work overtime, ................. ?
11. If they ask you for money, ............... .
12. Would you have sold your car if ................ ?
13. If you see my brother, ................. ?
14. They wouldn't mind if we ............... .
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15. She'll soon feel better if she . ............... .
16. If you had been arrested, ................ ?
Ex. 7 Now look at the situations described below. For each one, write a
sentence using if. Study the examples carefully
Example: You should take more exercise because that's the way to get fit. -
If you take more exercise you ‘ll get fit.
Road travel is cheaper than rail travel in this country. As a result we have lots of
traffic jams. - If road travel weren’t (wasn’t) cheaper than rail travel in this country,
we wouldn’t have so many traffic jams.
Cutting down rainforests has caused many unique plants and animals to become
extinct. - Many unique plants and animals wouldn’t have become extinct, if people
hadn't cut down rainforests..
1. I can't take much exercise because I don't have enough free time.
If I................ more free time, I................ .
2. Many people didn't realize that smoking was dangerous when they were
young. Now they are middle-aged they are having serious health problems.
If people ................, they ................ now they are middle-aged.
3. Hardly anyone was concerned about pollution in the 1960s. The first
motorways were built then.
The first motorways ................if more people ................ in the 1960s.
4. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they
didn't grow.
The seeds ................if the schoolchildren ................ .
5. It's important to protect wildlife now or there will be nothing left for future
generations.
If we ................ there ................. for future generations.
6. People don't realize how important it is to conserve energy, so they do
nothing about it.
If people ................ they ................. something about it.
7. Many poor farmers are encouraged to grow crops to sell instead of food. This
means they have problems feeding their families when prices fall.
If poor farmers ................ instead of food, they .................. feeding their families when
prices fall.
I wish I did / had done
Ex. 8 Complete the conversations with a sentence using wish
1. SUE: My mother's really angry with me.
PAM: Why?
SUE: Because she found out I left my job.
PAM: Oh, yes. I told her that.
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turned out was looking down on brought up take after called off
SUE: Well, I wish you hadn’t told her . It's none of your business.
PAM: I'm sorry.
2.
TONY: Have you seen James's new jacket? I bet it was expensive.
ANA: He told me it cost him £500.
TONY: I ................ .
ANA: Well, you may not be rich, but you're much better looking than James.
TONY: Am I?
3.
GARY: You seem to enjoy dancing with Lionel.
JANE: Yes, I do. He's a very good dancer.
GARY: I ................. when I was young.
JANE: You could learn now.
GARY: Oh, I'd feel stupid in a dancing class at my age.
4.
EVA: I went to Norway last month.
MAY: Really? My brother's living in Oslo now.
EVA: I .................. I could've visited him.
MAY: Yes, it's a pity. You must tell me if you have to go there again.
5.
FRED: My parents moved to New York last month.
JAN: How do they like it?
FRED: My mother likes it, but my father misses their old home. He ................
JAN: Perhaps he'll get used to it.
FRED: I doubt it.
KAY: My brothers are digging a swimming-pool.
6.
JILL: That sounds like hard work!
KAY: It is. Actually, I suspect................. . But they can't stop now. There's a
great big hole in the middle of the garden.
JILL: Yes, I see what you mean.
See Appendix 3 to help you
Ex. 9 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate phrasal verb from the box.
Some should be used more than once
1. It’s incredible but all their children .................. their mother.
2. A new Parliament .................. some laws.
3. They ................... their daughter in luxury that’s why she was rather spoilt.
4. It ................... that they had so much in common.
5. He .................... her and tried not to notice her.
6. As it .................. I was not required.
7. The President .................. the negotiations for three hours.
8. It ................... he was right.
Phrasal verbs
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had died down
died down
was swept away
call off
turned on
to carry on
was looking down on
Ex. 10 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate phrasal verb from the box.
Some should be used twice
1. The bridge .................. by rains.
2. She came in the bathroom, put off her clothes and .................. the tap.
3. They were sitting hugged so long that a fire ................. and it became
completely dark.
4. Mr. Clark is so clever and respectful man that it is pleasant for me ................
a business with him.
5. He felt that she ................... him.
6. The Government decided to .................. its consul from that country.
7. Molly was so tired. She sat in an armchair and ................... the radio.
8. They suddenly realized that their feelings ................... a long time ago and
nothing could save their marriage.
Ex. 11 Translate into Russian paying attention to phrasal verbs
1. He got a good telling off.
2. They swept away the old laws.
3. Such children often turn out criminals.
4. I was brought up to believe that I was an ordinary child but I knew that I
wasn’t.
5. Let us see how things turn out.
6. Carry on with your work.
7. She turned on all her charm.
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UNIT 9
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
Formal and informal letters
9.1 Reading comprehension
Read the "Golden Rules" for writing letters.
1. Give your letter a heading. It will help the reader to see what you're writing
about.
2. Decide what you are going to say before you start to write or dictate, always
try to plan ahead.
3. Use short sentences.
4. Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph.
5. Use short words that everyone can understand.
6. Think about your reader. Your letters should be clear, complete, must be
addressed in a sincere polite tone, it should be courteous.
7. May get a bad impression if there are mistakes in grammar, punctuation and
spelling
Business letters typically follow a number of steps, including the following:
a. opening and closing greetings
b. stating the reference at the beginning of the letter
c. requesting
d. explaining the reason for writing
e. thanking
f. enclosing documents
g. apologising
h. expressing urgency
i. confirming
Here is some of the language typical of business letters:
1. Opening and closing greetings
If you don't have a contact name:
Dear Sir or Madam
Yours faithfully
If you know the name of the person:
Dear / Mr Jones / Mrs / Ms
Yours sincerely
If you know the person as a friend or close business colleague:
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Dear James
Best wishes / regards
2. Stating the reference at the beginning of the letter
You can start with either
Subject: ................
or an expression like:
With reference to ................
I thank you for your letter of 1 July.
Further to our telephone conversation ................
3. Requesting
I would be grateful if you could ................
I would appreciate it if you could ................
Could you please .................. ? (more informal)
4. Explaining the reason for writing
I am writing to inform/apply for/request/etc. ................
5. Thanking
Thank you for ................
We were very pleased to ................
6. Enclosing documents
Where other documents are included with the letter, you can say:
Please find enclosed/attached ................
7. Apologising
I regret that ................
I am afraid that ................
8. Expressing urgency
................ at your earliest convenience.
................ without delay.
................ as soon as possible.
9. Confirming
I am pleased to confirm that ................
I confirm that ................
Ex. 1 The letter below is a formal letter to a hotel. Choose the words that
are more formal or appropriate in the letter. What makes a letter more or less
formal?
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Reservations Manager
Carlton Hotel
78, Park Lane
Bristol
BH123GR
June 16
Dear Jack/Sir or Madam
I am writing/This is just a note to confirm a reservation that was made/I asked
you for this morning by telephone. The reservation, for a couple of/two nights, is for
me/myself, David Cook.
I want/would like a room with a bathroom, from 12-14 July inclusive. I will be
attending/'m going to pop into the Trade Fair that is being held/ is going on in Bristol
that week. Is it all right/Would it be possible for me to have a room at the back of the
hotel? I think/am afraid that the room I was given/you gave me last year was
rather/really noisy.
Thank you/Thanks for sending me the brochure about/regarding your conference
facilities, which I got/received this morning. They look most interesting/great.
Unfortunately/I'm sorry I can't give you/am unable to provide you with any
definite dates at the moment/now, as/because we have yet to finalize/sort out the
details of our sales conference.
But/However, I will contact you/'ll drop you a line as soon as I can/possible. I
look/'m looking forward to meeting you on 12 July.
Best wishes/Yours faithfully
David Cook
Ex. 2 Read the letter and write a reply to it.
CONFERENCE IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
45 Broughton Street, Brighton
J. Higgins
Purchasing Manager
Zacron Engineering
Hempstead Industrial Estate
Hemel Hempstead 25 May 1988
Dear Mr Higgins
We have pleasure in inviting you to our annual conference. This year it will be
taking place at the Metropole Hotel, Brighton from 24 to 28 July.
We enclose details of the conference, accommodation arrangements and a
provisional programme.
Last year you gave a very interesting presentation on the subject of 'Purchasing
High Technology". We would be very grateful if you would consider giving us an
update on this.
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We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your earliest
convenience.
Yours sincerely,
P. Matthews, Conference Organiser.
Your reply should include the following:
1. Reference to the above letter.
2. Confirmation of your participation.
3. Request for more information about the programme.
4. Apology for not being able to give another presentation (pressure of work - no
time for preparation).
5. A polite phrase to end the letter.
Ex. 3 Write a letter to BP asking them to consider your request for sponsorship. Use the model to help you.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a member of a team................ (give details) currently working on................
(present the project in general terms). I am contacting you because................
(introduce the idea of their possible interest in sponsoring the project).
................ (In this second paragraph, you should outline the event giving dates,
times and activities. Give specific reasons why the project should interest your
correspondent, including possible media coverage, customer appeal etc.)
................ (In this closing paragraph, say how you hope the project will be of
interest to your correspondent.)
Should you require further details, please do not hesitate to contact me.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully, (your signature)
Ex. 4 Write an informal letter to an English friend. Give some of your news,
then ask if he/she could put you up for a few nights. Explain why. Think about
how to open and close the letter, and how to write the address on the envelope.
A memorandum
A memorandum (or memo) is a very common form of business communication.
It is a relatively informal written document which is exchanged between members of
the same organisation. The memo usually focuses on one message or piece of
information, and often requests action to be taken.
Rules for writing memos.
There are many different techniques used in memo writing, but several basic
rules should always be applied.