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Файл:Английский язык для магистров в сфере государственного и муниципального управления = English for masters in state and municipal management. Практикум.pdf
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put through
to connect, especially by telephone
run out of smth
to finish, have no more left
set off
to begin a journey
speak up
to ask someone to speak louder
sweep away
to completely destroy something or make something disappear
take after
to look or behave like an older relative
take in
1. to let someone stay in your house because they have nowhere
2. to be completely deceived by someone who lies to you
take on
to start to employ someone, hire
take smb off
to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, in order
to entertain people
take in
to let someone stay in your house because they have nowhere
else to stay
tell smb off
to speak to somebody angrily about something wrong that a
person has done
try on
to put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits you or if it suits you,
especially in a shop
turn on
to make a machine or piece of electrical equipment
start operating by pushing a button, turning a key, to switch on
turn off
to make a machine or piece of electrical equipment such as
turning a key etc, switch off
turn out
to happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result,
especially one that you did not expect
turn smth over
to smb
to give someone the right to own something, or to make
someone responsible for dealing with something.
turn up
to arrive
watch out
to be aware of someone or something
wear out
when something is damaged or weakened from use and age
wipe off
to completely remove or clean something from a surface or
location.
work out
1. to think carefully about how you are going to do something
3. to make your body fit and strong by doing exercises
be taken in
else to stay
a television, engine, light etc stop operating by pushing a button,
and plan a good way of doing it
2. to calculate an answer, amount
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GLOSSARY
A
Ability to pay
The principle of taxation that holds that the tax burden should be distributed
according to a person's wealth. It is based on the assumption that, as a person's
income increases, the person or corporation can and should contribute a larger
percentage of income to support government activities. The progressive income tax is
based on the ability to pay principle.
Absolutism
A government with no limits to its power and under which the people have no
guaranteed or constitutional rights.
Abuse
1. The use of an existing authority for purposes that extend beyond or even
contradict the intentions of the grantors of that authority. 2. The furnishing of
excessive services to beneficiaries of government programs, violating program
regulations, or performing improper practices, none of which involves prosecutable
fraud.
Access
1. The ability to gain the attention and to influence the decisions of key
political agents. Political party leaders, the heads of major interest groups, and those
who make large campaign contributions are typically said to have access.
2.Lobbying; getting information to key decision makers at critical times.
Acceptance theory of management
Principle that emphasizes the willingness of subordinates to accept those with
authority to act.
Accountability
The answering for one's actions and accepting the consequences.
Administration
1. The management and direction of the affairs of governments and
institutions. 2. A collective term for all policy making officials of a government. 3.
The execution
and implementation of public policy. 4. The time in office of a chief executive
such as a president, governor, or mayor. 5. The supervision of the estate of a dead
person to pay taxes and assign assets to heirs.
Administrative Accountability
That aspect of administrative responsibility by which officials are held
answerable for general notions of democracy and morality as well as for specific
legal mandates.
Administrative Advocacy
The presentation of alternative policies to an administrative agency. This
practice recognizes that public administration is a highly political process involving
significant differences of judgement. The most feasible course of action often
emerges from the competition produced when each interested group pleads the case it
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presents, whether that cause be more funds to carry out agency policies, the survival
of a particular program, or the desire for a more efficient system of administrative
decision making.
Administrative agency
1. A government organization set up to implement a law. 2. Any civilian
government body (board, bureau, department, or individual), other than a court or
legislature, that deals with the rights of private parties by adjudication, rule making,
investigation, prosecuting, and so on.
Administrative costs of taxation
Costs related to administering the tax system.
Administrative discretion
The ability of individual administrators in a bureaucracy to make significant
choices affecting management and operation of programs for which they are
responsible; particularly evident in separation-of-powers systems.
Administrative due process
Term encompassing a number of points in administrative law that require that
the administrative procedures of government agencies and regulatory commissions,
as they affect private parties, be based upon written guidelines that safeguard
individual rights and protect against the arbitrary or inequitable exercise of
government authority.
Administrative law
1. That branch of law concerned with the procedures by which administrative
agencies make rules and adjudicate cases; the conditions under which these actions
can be reviewed by courts. 2. The legislation that creates administrative agencies. 3.
The rules and regulations promulgated by administrative agencies. 4. The law
governing judicial review of administrative actions.
Administrative morality
The use of ethical, political, or social precepts to create standards by which the
quality of public administration may be judged; such as the standards of honesty,
responsiveness, efficiency effectiveness, competence, effect on individual rights,
adherence to democratic procedures, and social equity.
Administrative order
A directive carrying the force of law issued by an administrative agency after
adjudication.
Administrative remedy
A means of enforcing a right by going to an administrative agency either for
help or for a decision. People are often required to exhaust all administrative
remedies by submitting their problems to the proper agency before taking their cases
to court.
Administrator
1. A manager. 2. The head of a government agency. 3. Someone appointed by
a court to handle a deceased person's estate. 4. Anyone with fiduciary responsibility.
Affirmative action
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A plan that requires employers to make an extra effort to hire and promote
people who belong to a protected group.
Authority
The formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders,
and allocate resources to achieve organizational goals.
B
Balance
Accounting document drawn up regularly by a company, showing all the
accounts opened with an indication of each of their debits, the value and the sum of
their credits, and the closing result of the operations.
Behavioral management theory
A method that focuses on people as individuals with needs (also known as the
human relations movement).
Benefit-cost ratio
The ratio of the present value of benefits over the present value of costs.
Benfite principle
Taxation principle whereby taxes are assigned on the basis of benefits received.
Big data
Technology for storing very high volumes of data for prospective analysis and
especially modelling for a deeper understanding of the context, anticipating
behaviour and more globally for better decision support.
Body language
Changes in your body position and movements that show what you are feeling
or thinking.
Boundary spanning
The process of gathering information from the external environment to identify
current or likely events and determine how those events will affect the organization.
Brainstorming
An idea-generating process that encourages the development of alternatives
while withholding criticism of those alternatives.
Budget
Sums allotted for the company’s administration
Budget padding
Proposing a higher budget than is actually needed.
Budget deficit
When public spending exceeds tax revenues.
Budget surplus
When tax revenues exceed public spending.
Bureaucracy
A formal organizational arrangement characterized by division of labor, job
specialization with no functional overlap, exercise of authority through a vertical
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hierarchy (chain of command) and a system of internal rules, regulations, and record
keeping; the administrative branch of government (national, state, local).
Business
Activities involved in trading and finance with the aim of generating profit.
Business plan
A written document setting out the business objectives, the procedures, the
process and the timeframe by which these must be achieved
C
Cashflow
Final budget balance generated by an investment at the end of a period
Centralized organization
Authority is concentrated at the top of the organization.
Chain of command
A line of authority that links all persons in an organization and defines who
reports to whom.
Charismatic power
Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities, or
the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty
and obedience from followers.
Citizen participation
The involvement of citizens in a wide range of administrative policymaking
activities, including the determination of levels of service, budget priorities, and the
acceptability of physical construction projects, in order to orient government
programs toward
Classical adminsitrative
The branch of classical management theory that emphasizes the flow of
information in organizations.
Classical management theory
A theory, developed during the Industrial Revolution, that proposes "one best
way" to perform tasks. Classical management theory developed into two separate
branches: the classical scientific school and the classical administrative school.
Classical scientific
A branch of the school of classical management theory, whose emphasis is on
increasing productivity and efficiency.
Closed system
An organization that interacts little with its external or outside environment.
Coercive power
Authority to punish or recommend punishment.
Collective bargaining
The process by which an agent chosen by public employees negotiates a formal
labor agreement or settles day-to-day labor disputes on behalf of the employees in the
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areas of wages, benefits, working conditions, and administrative policy with parties
representing the top politically elected or appointed executives.
Common-pool problems
Problems that occur when public stewardship of resources allocates resources
inefficiently.
Community development
An approach to the administration of social and economic development
programs in which government officials are dispatched to the field to act as catalysts
at the local level, encouraging local residents to form groups, define their own needs,
and develop selfhelp projects. The government provides technical and material
assistance and helps the community establish institutions, such as farm cooperatives,
to carry on the development programs after the officials have left.
Communication
The exchange of ideas, messages, or information, by speech, signals, or
writing.
Compensation
All work-related payments, including wages, commissions, insurance, and
other benefits.
Competitive advantage
Any aspect of an organization that distinguishes it from its competitors in a
positive way.
Condition of certainty
Situation that occurs when the decision maker has perfect knowledge of all the
information needed to make a decision.
Content theory
Identifies physical or psychological conditions that act as stimuli for human
behavior.
Contingency planning
Development of alternative courses of action that can be implemented if and
when the original plan proves inadequate because of changing circumstances.
Contingency theory
This principle examines the fit between the leader and the situation and
provides guidelines for managers to achieve an effective fit (also known as situational
theory).
Continuous process
A system thatproduces goods by continuously feeding raw materials through
highly automated technology.
Control
The systematic process of regulating organization activities to make them
consistent with the expectations established in plans, targets, and standards of
performance.
Concurrent control
Method of regulation applied to processes as they are happening.
Cost-leadership strategy
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System that focuses on keeping costs as low as possible through efficient
operations and tight controls.
Crisis problem
An unexpected problem that has the potential to lead to disaster if not resolved
quickly and appropriately.
Cross-functional teams
Groups of experts in various specialties (or functions) who work together on
solutions to organizational problems.
D
Decentralized organizations
Firms that consciously attempt to spread authority to the lowest possible levels.
Decision analysis
Technique where decisions are likely to be made sequentially and under some
degree of uncertainty.
Decision tree
A diagram that analyzes hiring, marketing, investment, equipment purchases,
pricing, and similar decisions. Decision trees assign probabilities to each possible
outcome and calculate payoffs for each decision path.
Delegation
The downward transfer of authority from a manager to a subordinate.
Demographics
Measurements of various characteristics of the people and social groups who
make up a society.
Development plans
A series of steps that can help employees acquire skills to reach long-term
goals, such as job promotions.
Differentiation strategy
A plan whereby a company attempts to set the organization's products or
services apart form those of other companies.
Distributional effects
The ways in which policies transfer income from one person to another.
Distributive policy
Policy involving use of general tax funds to provide assistance and benefits to
individuals or groups.
Dividends
Payments made to owners of corporations.
Division of work
One of the fundamental principles upon which the science of administration is
based; increased specialization in the organization of work in order to narrow the
range of tasks for which each person is responsible, which in turn increases the need
for administrative planning and coordination and raises the productivity of the
organization as a whole.
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Division of labor
The separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that
participants may specialize
Dual federalism
Pattern in which federal and state governments are struggling for power and
influenced with little inter-governmental cooperation.
E
Earned income tax credits
Lower tax liabilities of poor taxpayers.
Economic depreciation
The process by which capital resources are actually consumed or made
obsolete.
Economic incidence
Indicates who actually bears the burden of taxation.
Economies of scale
When increased levels of production result in decreased average costs of
production.
Effectiveness
Extent to which a program is achieving or failing to achieve its stated
objectives.
Effective tax rate
Tax rates calculated by dividing tax liability by a comprehensive measure of
income.
Efficiency
Relationship between inputs and outputs.
Embargo
A prohibition on trade in a particular area.
Employee benefits
Legally required or voluntary compensation provided to employees in addition
to their salaries.
Empowerment
Giving individuals an organization autonomy.
Enterprise
Synonymous with firm
Equal employment opportunity
Refers to efforts to eliminate employment discrimination on the basis of race,
ethnic background, sex, age, or physical handicap; ensures that all persons have an
equal chance to compete for employment and promotions based on job qualifications.
Ethics
Process by which we clarify right and wrong and act on what we take to be
right.
Evaluation
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The use of research techniques to measure the past performance of a specific
program--in particular, the program's impact on the conditions it seeks to modify--for
the purposes of changing the operation of the program so as to improve its
effectiveness at achieving its objectives.
Expectancy theory
A motivational theory stating that the three factors that influence behavior are
the value of the reward, the relationship of the reward to performance, and the effort
required for performance.
Expert power
A leader's special knowledge or skills regarding the tasks performed by
followers.
Exporting
Selling of an organization's products to a foreign broker or agent.
F
Federalism
A constitutional division of governmental power between a central or national
government and regional governmental units (such as states), with each having some
independent authority over its citizens.
Feedforward controls
Method used to identify and prevent defects and deviations from standards.
Financial audits
Formal investigations to ensure that procedures, policies, laws, and ethical
guidelines are followed in the handling and reporting of financial activities.
Financial ratio analysis
The relationship between specific figures on an organization's financial
statements; helps explain the significance of those figures.
Financial statements
Reports that provide management with information to monitor financial
resources.
First-line management
The lowest level of management.
Flexiplace
Telework (also called telecommuting) is the ability to do your work at a
location other than your “official duty station.
Flextime
An employment alternative that allows employees to decide, within a certain
range, when to begin and end each work day.
Force-field analysis
A technique to implement change by determining which forces drive change
and which forces resist it.
Formal structure
The hierarchical arrangement of tasks and people within an organization.
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Formal theories of organization
Theories stressing formal, structural arrangements within organizations, and
"correct" or "scientific" methods to be followed in order to achieve the highest degree
of organizational efficiency; examples include Weber's theory of bureaucracy and
Taylor's scientific management approach.
Formula grants
Grants that employ a specific division rule to indicate how much money
any given jurisdiction will receive.
Free riders
Individuals who let others pay for goods they themselves consume.
Fully funded pension fund
A pension fund that has the financial resources necessary to meet future
retirement benefits.
Functional authority
Authority to make decisions about specific activities undertaken by personnel
in other departments.
Functional structure
An organizational design that groups positions into departments on the basis of
the specialized activities of the business.
Functional teams
Work groups that perform specific organizational functions with members
from several vertical levels of the hierarchy.
G
"Garbage can"
Theory of organizational choice: A theory of organizational decision making
applicable to organizations where goals are unclear, technologies are imperfectly
understood, histories are difficult to interpret, and participants wander in and out;
such "organized anarchies" operate under conditions of pervasive ambiguity, with so
much uncertainty in the decision making process that traditional theories about
coping with uncertainty do not apply.
General fund
Fund that handles "unrestricted" funds of government.
General obligation bond
A bond that guarantees that all taxpayers will be responsible for the bond’s
principal and interest payments.
Generational accounting
A method of recording long-term liabilities inorder to measure their impact on
future generations.
Gift taxes
Taxes imposed on the transfer of wealth while a taxpayer is living.