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Файл:Английский язык для магистров в сфере государственного и муниципального управления = English for masters in state and municipal management. Практикум.pdf
171
techniques used for reducing costs. These techniques are production control,
budgetary control, cost control, financial control, material control, etc.
Change and growth: A business enterprise operates in a constantly changing
environment. Changes in business environment create uncertainties and risk and also
produce opportunities for growth. An enterprise has to change and adjust itself in the
everchanging environment. Sound management moulds not only the enterprise but
also alters the environment itself to ensure the success of the business.
Effective functioning of business: Ability, experience, mutual understanding,
co-ordination, motivation and supervision are some of the factors responsible for the
effective functioning of business. Management makes sure that the abilities of
workers are properly used and co-operation is obtained with the help of mutual
understanding. Besides, management can know the expectation of workers and the
expectation is fulfilled through motivation techniques.
Higher profits: Profits can be enhanced in any enterprise either by increasing
the sales revenue or reducing costs. To increase the sales revenue is beyond the
control of an enterprise. Management by decreasing costs increases its profits and
thus provides opportunities for future growth and development.
Provide innovation: New ideas are developed by the management and
implemented in the organisation. Better performance is achieved through new ideas.
Management gives new ideas, imagination and visions to an enterprise.
Social benefits: Management is useful not only to the business firms but to the
society as a whole. It improves the standard of living of the people through higher
production and more efficient use of scarce resources. By establishing cordial
relations between different social groups, management promotes peace and prosperity
in society.
Useful for developing countries: Management has to play a more important
role in developing countries, like India. In such countries, the productivity is low and
the resources are limited. It has been rightly observed, "There are no under-developed
countries. They are only under-managed ones".
Sound organization structure: Management establishes proper organization
structure and avoids conflict between the superiors and subordinates. This helps in
the development of spirit of cooperation and mutual understanding, and a congenial
environment is provided in the organization.
A tool for personality development: Management gives direction to workers
for effective performance of a job. Besides, new methods or techniques are taught to
workers. The training facilities are arranged by the management. In this way,
management is a tool to develop the personality of workers to raise their efficiency
and productivity ability.
172
CONCLUSION
The Tutorial for students in administrative management gives students the
opportunity to gain the knowledge of English in their major, improve skills in more
profound and specific understanding of language peculiarities.
As a result, students can develop and expand their vocabulary, namely business
and administrative terminology; learn perfect ways of communicating in this sphere,
practice using different complex grammatical patterns.
This Tutorial presents essential material how to improve practical skills in
writing CV and applying for jobs. It explains and gives the opportunity to gain the
additional information on different managerial styles and how to deal with
employees.
This Tutorial encompasses authentic texts on public administration, company
structures, advertising, socialising in business and various exercises which encourage
students to learn and love English.
173
Present Simple
Present
Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
permanent
temporary
recently completed
actions started in
am still teaching).
repeated/habitu
actions
unit.
actions which
past actions of
permanent
changing or
personal
actions expressing
(annoyance)
timetables /
fixed
emphasis on
emphasis on
morning.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Present Forms
situations or
states
She works for a
multinational
company.
al actions
(especially with
frequency
adverbs)
I usually get up
at 7.00
situations
He is staying
with us at the
moment.
happening at or
around the
moment of
speaking
We are walking
now past our
new cleaning
actions
She has just cleaned
her room. (You can
see it is clean now evidence in the
present).
happened at an
unstated past time
and are connected
with the present
I have lost my keys
(I am still looking
for them).
the past and
continuing up to
the present
I have been
teaching English for
25 years. (I started
25 years ago and I
certain duration
having visible
results or effects in
the present
They have been
fighting (They are
angry)
truths or laws
of nature
Money doesn’t
buy happiness.
Water freezes at
0
C.
0
programmes
The concert
starts at
7.o’clock.
developing
situations
He is getting
better.
arrangements
in the near
future They are
visiting us
tonight.
(It is all
arranged).
experiences/
changes which
have happened
She has gained 5
kilos.
number
She has read 3
books this week.
anger, irritation,
annoyance,
explanation or
criticism
Who has been using
my toothbrush?
duration (usually
with for, since or
how long)
She’s been
examining the
patients since this
174
reviews/sports
play.
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
past actions
action in the
past action which
action continuing
by wire.
past habit or
past action in
a bath.
complete past
past action of
complete action
dynamo in 1831.
simultaneous
commentaries
He acts
brilliantly in this
Past Forms
which happened
one after the
other
Mary walked into
the room and
stopped. She
listened carefully.
She heard a noise
coming from
behind the curtain.
state
Andre Marie
Ampere devoted
himself to the
study of electricity
and magnetism.
middle of
happening at a
stated past time
At 7.00 this
morning I was
having breakfast.
progress
interrupted by
another past
action. The
longer action is in
the Past Cont.,
the shorter is in
the Past Simple.
When the phone
rang, I was having
occurred before
another past
action or before a
stated past time
A Dutch physicist
Musschenbroek
had invented a
capacitor named
the Leyden jar
before Kleist's
discovery became
widely known.
action with
visible results in
the past.
He was upset. He
had lost his wallet.
over a period up
to a specific time
in the past
An Italian scientist
Volta had been
studying
electricity for
many years before
he showed that it
could be made to
travel from one
place to another
certain duration
with visible
results in the past
Bill’s eyes were
red.
He had been
crying.
or event which
happened at a
stated past time
Michael Faraday
constructed the
first electric
past actions
I was reading a
book while he was
watching a film.
175
action which
motor.
Future Simple
(Will)
Future
Continuous
decisions taken
actions
actions in
next week.
actions which will be
hopes, fears,
little late.
planned
actions which
actions or
She’ll probably
evidence that
near future
when we ask
to see if they
happened at a
definite past time
although the time
is not mentioned.
The action is not
connected with
the present .
Michael Faraday
employed the
rotating magnetic
field principle to
design the first
Future Forms
at the moment
of speaking (onthe-spot decision)
Since it’s getting
dark, I’ll turn on
the light.
threats, promises,
warnings, offers,
predictions,
requests,
comments with:
expect, hope,
believe, I’m sure,
I’m afraid,
probably
I’m afraid I’ll be a
Be Going To
intended to be
performed in
the near future
She’s going to
visit her parents
tomorrow.
actions or
intentions
Now that
they’ve settled
in their new
house, they’re
going to have a
party.
progress
at a stated
future time
He’ll be
sunbathing in
Hawaii this time
are the result of
a routine
(instead of
Present Cont.)
I’ll be seeing
John tomorrow.
(We work in the
same office so
we’ll definitely
meet.)
Future Perfect
finished before a stated
future time
She will have come back
by the end of July.
Note: by or not...
until/till are used with
Future Perfect. Untill/till
are normally used with
Future Perfect only in
negative sentences.
She will have finished
by 8 o’clock. (Not:
until/till)
She won’t have finished
until 8 o’clock.
predictions which
may (not) happen
in the future
something will
definitely
happen in the
politely about
people’s
arrangements
176
buy the dress.
Ann is going to
can do sth for
some tea?
things we are not
things we are
it.)
Present Simple
Present
meaning)
timetables/
fixed
week.
duration of an action up to a certain
Time expression used with:
Will/Be
Fut. Cont.
tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three etc days, the day
Future
Perfect
before, by, by then, by the time, until (only in negative sentences)
Fut. Perf.
Cont.
by ... for
(prediction)
or actions which
we cannot control
and will
inevitably happen
He will be ten next
year.
sure about or
haven’t decided to
do yet
She’ll probably be
promoted. (not
sure yet)
have a baby.
Look at the
dark clouds in
the sky! It’s
going to rain.
sure about or
we have
already
decided to do
in the near
future
He’s going to
be promoted.
(The boss has
decided to do
us or because
we want to
offer to do sth
for them
Will you be
going to the
supermarket?
Can you buy me
(future meaning)
programs
The plane reaches
London at 9.45.
Going To/
Future Perfect Cont.
Continuous
(future
arrangement
in the near
future
time in the future.
By the end of this year she will have been
working here for two years.
Sally is seeing
her dentist this
after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month etc
177
Modals + be + p.p.
Active Voice
You must repair this car.
Passive Voice
This car must be repaired
Subject
Verb
Object
Agent
ACTIVE
Bell
invented
the telephone.
PASSIVE
The telephone
was invented
by Bell.
Passive Voice
The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past
participle
Present Simple
Present
Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Future Simple
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Present Infinitive
Gerund
They repair cars.
They are repairing the car.
They repaired the car.
They were repairing the car.
They will repair the car.
They have repaired the car.
They had repaired the car.
They will have repaired the car.
They will have to repair the car.
He likes people admiring his
new car.
Cars are repaired.
The car is being repaired.
The car was repaired.
The car was being repaired.
The car will be repaired.
The car has been repaired.
The car had been repaired.
The car will have been repaired.
The car will have to be repaired.
He likes his new car being
admired.
Changing from Active to Passive
1. The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence. The
active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes
the agent. The agent (= person who does the action ) is introduced with “by” or it is
omitted.
instrument or material to say what instrument or material the agent used.
is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context, it is omitted. Agents such as:
someone, people, I, you etc are omitted.
information.)
2. We use by + agent to say who or what did the action. We use with +
He was knocked down by a lorry. (The lorry did the action.)
The door was locked by the man with a key. (The key is the instrument the
agent used.)
The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (Flour, sugar and eggs are the
materials the agent used.)
3.
We put the agent into the passive only if it adds information. When the agent
Macbeth was written by Shakespeare. (The agent is not omitted; it adds
178
Somebody took my pen. => My pen was taken ( by somebody), (unknown
agent; it is omitted.)
4. After modal verbs (will, can, may etc) we use be + past participle or have
been + past participle.
They may close down the supermarket. => The supermarket may be closed
down.
They may have reported the bank robbery. => The bank robbery may have
been reported.
5. With verbs that take two objects it is more usual to begin the passive
sentence with the person.
They sent a letter to him. => He was sent a letter. (more usual) /A letter was
sent to him. (less usual)
6.It + passive + that + clause ( impersonal construction )
It is said that she is rich.
subject ( person ) + passive + to - infinitive ( personal construction )
She is said to be rich.
7.The passive is used :
1. when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or
obvious from the context.
My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)
The road repairs were completed last week. (unimportant agent)
The kidnappers have been arrested by the police – (obvious agent)
2. to make statements more polite or formal.
My new suit has been burnt. (It's more polite than saying "You've burnt my
new suit".)
3. when the action is more important than the agent - as in news reports, formal
notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements etc.
Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)
The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)
Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)
4. to put emphasis on the agent.
The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.
5. We use the Passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object).
They built that castle in 1600. That castle was built in 1600.
179
Modal verbs
Functions of Modal verbs
You
must
sign the contract.
(You are obliged to / You have tо/ You need to / It is necessary.)
I
must
sign the contract. (I have decided.)
I
have to
sign the contract. (Someone else has decided.)
Не
doesn't need to/doesn't have to/needn't get а
taxi. I’ll give him а lift. (It isn't necessary.)
Не
didn't need to
get а taxi because I gave him а lift.
(It wasn't necessary for him to get а taxi.)
Не
needn't have got
а taxi. (It wasn't necessary for
him to get а taxi, but he did.)
You
ought to/should
revise for your test.
(I advise you to/ you had better)
You
must
revise for your test. (I strongly advise уоu to.)
We
can/could
go out for а meal later.
Shall
we go out for а meal later.?
(Let’ s .../Why don't we...?/ How about...?/ What about ...?)
Kim is five years old. She
саn
read and write (present)
When she was three, she
could
count to ten.
(past repeated action
Топу
was аblе to
win the гасе. (managed to do; past
single action)
Kim
can't
play the piano. (present)
She
couldn't
swim fast when she was young. (Past action)
She couldn't reach the top shelf, even though shetried.
(past single action)
Саn
I ореn the window, please? (informal)
Could I
ореn the window, please? (more polite)
May/Might I ореn the window, please? (formal)
(Do уоu mind if…. ? Would уоu mind if …..?)
You
саn
leave your
luggage here. (you are allowed to do sth;
informal)
You
mау
leave your luggage in this агеа.
(you are allowed to do sth; formal )
Уои
can't/mustn't
park here.
(you are not allowed to do sth; lnformel)
You
mау not
park in this агеа.
(you are not allowed to do sth; formal )
Can/Will
you help mе with this exercise? (informal)
Could/Would
you help mе with this exercise? (more polite)
Modal verbs
Obigation /duty/ necessity
Lack of necessity
Advice
Suggestions
Ability
Lack of ability
Asking permission
Giving permission
Refusing permission
Requests
180
Мау
I have оnе of those leaflets? (formal)
Might
I have оnе of those leaflets? (very formal)
Prohibition
You mustn't/can't lie in соuгt. (It's
forbidden /you aren't
allowed to/ it's against the rules)
Asking for suggestions
or instructios
When/How
shall
I contact уоu?
She
could/may/might
finish her work bу six о'clock.
(it is possible/ it is likely
She
could/might have bееn late.
(….Luckily, she
wasn't late.)
Offers
Shall/Can/Could I help уоu cross the road?
She
must
bе оn holiday. (positive; I'm sure she is.)
She
can't
bе working. ((positive); I'm sure she isn't.)
Не
must have bееn
on holiday. (positive)
Не can't have bееn at home. (positive)
Criticism
Не ought to/should have told
her the truth.
Possibility
Logical assumptions
( Would уоu like mе to help уоu cross the road?)
(It would have been better if he had told her the truth.)
Conditionals
1. Zero/First.
The zero conditional uses if or when to say what always or usually happens
in a given situation: When you press this button, a bell rings.
The first conditional is used to predict what will happen giving certain other
facts. We use it for things that will probably happen in the real future and for
predictions: If it rains, there’ll be a lot of traffic.
2. Second.
Formed with if + past tense, subject + would.
This is used to predict what would happen giving an improbable or
hypothetical situation. If I were a fish, I would live in the sea (but I’m not ! ).
Compare:
If it rains, I’ll take an umbrella. (I think it is probably going to rain).
If I went, I wouldn’t speak to him. (I am probably not going).
3. Third.
This tense is formed with Past Perfect, would + have + Past Participle. If
refers to past time – to things that cannot be changed:
If it hadn’t been sunny, (Was it sunny? – Yes).
I wouldn’t have got sunburnt ( Did I get sunburnt? – Yes).