Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для магистров в сфере государственного и муниципального управления = English for masters in state and municipal management. Практикум.pdf
61
4. This office is very inefficient. The telephone.................. (never / answer)
promptly, no proper records.................. (keep), and, worst of all, no reports
.................. (write) for weeks.
5. I was so worried about my garden while I was in hospital, but I have very
good neighbors. When I got home I could see that the vegetables ..................... (water)
every day and the grass .................... (cut) regularly.
6. Can you come to the police station? The man who.................. (suspect) of
stealing your wallet .................. (arrest), and .................. (question) at the moment.
The police hope he ...................... (identify), either by you or another witness.
7. We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery..................
(re-organised) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable ...................
(move) for safe keeping.
Ex. 4 Put the verbs into a suitable tense in the passive.
Mary has just arrived home from work. Neil is already there.
MARY: Hi! I'm back. Sorry I'm late.
NEIL: Hello. What kept you?
MARY: I had to use the ring road and I (1) .............. (stick) in a traffic jam for
forty minutes.
NEIL: Why didn't you use the usual route?
MARY: Because the road (2) .............. (close) until work on the access road to
the new hospital (3) ............... (complete).
NEIL: When is it due to (4) ............... (finish)?
MARY: Well, the access road (5) .............. (open) by the Mayor next week,
according to the newspaper, and the Health Minister (6) .............. (invite) to open
the hospital on the same day, but they don't know yet whether she's definitely
coming.
NEIL: A lot of money (7) ................. (waste) if she doesn't come.
MARY: Why's that?
NEIL: Haven't you seen all those rose bushes that (8) ................ (plant) round the
hospital?
MARY: So? They'll be lovely for the patients.
NEIL: But the patients won't be able to see them, because they're round the
entrance, and the wards look out in the other direction. A lot of people protested
about it, but all their complaints (9) ................ (ignore) until it was too late.
MARY: If they had money to spare, it (10)...............(spend) on facilities for
patients, not on making the front look pretty for the Minister.
NEIL: Absolutely. It's typical of this local council. They (11) ................. (elect) to
save money, but they do just the opposite.
MARY: Perhaps they (12). .............. (throw) out at the next election.
NEIL: I hope so. Now, are you ready for supper?
62
Ex. 5 Read this letter from Maurice, who is on holiday in Britain, to his
sister Sally in New Zealand. Put the verbs in a suitable tense, active or passive.
Dear Sally,
How are you? We've been having a lovely time. We're being very well looked
after by our hosts. We (1) .............. (take) sightseeing and we (2) ............... (introduce)
to some of their friend, who (3) ............... (make) us feel very welcome. Last night we
(4).............. (show) round a castle, by the owner! Most of the land in this area (5)
.............. (belong) to his family for about five hundred years. Apparently, the land
(6)............... (give) to them after one of his ancestors (7)............... (kill) while trying
to save the king's life. Quite romantic, isn’t it?
The castle itself was a little bit disappointing, to be absolutely honest. The
owner told us that it (8)............... (suffer) serious damage during a fire about thirty
years ago. When it (9).............. (restore) they (10) .............. (add) central heating and
things like that. So once you're inside it (11)............... (not feel) much different to any
other large, old house. But the owner is a real character. He told us lots of stories
about things that (12)..............(happen) to him when he was young. He (13) ..............
(send) abroad to work in a bank, but he hated it, so he (14).............. (behave) very
badly in order to (15).............. (sack). He kept us laughing for hours. I hope he
(16) .............. (invite) here before we leave. I'll have lots more to tell you when we
get back. Take care.
Yours affectionately,
Maurice
Ex. 6 Compare the verb forms in the pairs of sentences. Say which tense is used and why.
1. a. Klaus lives in Berlin.
b. Klaus is living with an English family while he's in London.
2. a. You're very kind. Thank you.
b. You're being very kind. What do you want?
3. a. I've got a headache.
b. I often have headaches.
4. a. When we arrived, she made some coffee.
b. When we arrived, she was making some coffee.
5. a. What were you doing when you cut your finger?
b. What did you do when you cut your finger?
6. a. When I arrived at the party, Peter left.
b. When I arrived at the party, Peter had left.
7. a. I didn't teach English very well.
b. I wasn't taught English very well.
8. a. I've lived in Singapore for five years.
b. I lived in Singapore for five years.
9. a. You're annoying me with all your questions.
63
b. I can see you're annoyed. What's the matter?
10. a. How much are you paying to have the house painted?
b. How much are you being paid to paint the house.
Ex. 7 Three of the sentences in this exercise are correct. Put a tick (V) next to them. All the other sentences contain mistakes. Put a cross (X) next to them and correct them.
Example:
[X] I work hard at the moment because I have exams next week.
I'm working
1. It's been really cold lately, so I've bought some new thermal underwear.
2. Manchester United play really well at the moment. Their new player has
real talent.
3. I've heard you'll have a baby! Congratulations.
4. Was Tim working in Barcelona while you were working in Madrid?
5. When I was a little girl, I've always spent my pocket money on sweets.
6. I went out with Paul for two years now, and we're still crazy about each
other.
7. I can't decide what to buy my brother for his birthday. Perhaps I'm going to
get him a new shirt.
8. She'd trained so hard for the Olympics that I felt sure she would get at least a
bronze medal.
9. A one-day strike has called by London Underground staff for Friday this
week.
10. The teacher said that Megan had been working hard and was deserved to
pass all her exams.
Ex. 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, active or passive
1. The robbers .............. (catch) as they ............... (leave) the bank.
2. Jo .............. (arrive) home to find feathers everywhere. Her cat ..............
(catch) a bird.
3. Our dustbins ............... (empty) on a Monday.
4. Mr. Taylor was furious with the newsagent because his Sunday newspaper
.............. (not deliver).
5. It's a very upsetting time for Aunt Mary. Her budgie ............... (miss) for three
days now.
6. Why .............you ..............(not like) going to the opera? We .............. (love) it.
7. We ............... (see) La Boheme next Saturday.
8. We .............. (drive) down a quiet country lane when suddenly we ..............
(overtake) by a police car.
9. When I woke up this morning, the word looked like a wonderland.
It snow) all night.
64
1
Turn it off.
A
reduce the sound of something
2
Why don’t you try them on?
B
suddenly not be able to hear someone that
you were speaking to on the telephone
3
I can’t make it out.
C
make a machine stop operating
4
Shall we take him in?
D
give somebody the money that you owe
them
5
Could you turn it down?
E
delay someone or something
6
If I were you I’d give it
away.
F
invent a story in order to deceive
someone
7
He made the story up.
G
let someone stay at your house
8
When can you pay me back?
H
be only just able to hear, see, understand
something
9
The operator cut us off.
I
give something to another person because
he needs it more than you
10
The bad weather held us up.
G
put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits
you or it suits you
10. Don’t worry. When you.............. (arrive) in New York, you ................ (pick
up) by one of our drives and taken to the conference center.
Phrasal verbs
See Appendix 3 to help you
Ex. 8 Match phrasal verbs with their definition, learn them by heart,
compose your own sentences
Ex. 8 Choose the correct phrasal verb to complete each sentence.
1. I think we should give up/ give out/ give away all these old toys to the local
children’s hospital.
2. I can see someone coming towards us, but I can’t make out/ make for/ make
up who it is.
3. Of course we can take you on/ take you in/ take you off for a few days
while you’re looking for a flat.
4. I don’t know what happened – we were just cut down/ cut out/ cut off.
5. Sorry we are late – we were held on/ held up/ held over at work.
6. Can you please turn back/ turn on/ turn down the TV? I can’t hear myself
think.
7. It wasn’t true, was it? You just made it for/ made it up/ made it out, didn’t
you?
you don’t want it any longer or because
65
UNIT 7
ADVERTISING
7.1 Reading comprehension
Text A. Do advertisements sometimes distort the truth?
The short answer is yes, some do. Every week hundreds of thousands of
advertisements appear for the very first time.
Nearly all of them play fair with the people they are addressed to.
A handful do not. They misrepresent the products they are advertising. As the
Advertising Standards Authority it is our job to make sure these ads are identified,
and stopped.
What makes an advertisement misleading?
If a training course had turned a 7 stone weakling into Mr. Universe the fact
could be advertised because it can be proved.
But a promise to build 'you' into a 15 stone he-man would have us flexing our
muscles because the promise could not always be kept.
'Makes you look younger" might be a reasonable claim for a cosmetic,
But pledging to 'take years off your life' would be an overclaim akin to a
promise of eternal youth.
A garden centre's claim that its seedlings would produce 'a riot of colour in just a
few days' might be quite contrary to the reality.
Such flowery prose would deserve to be pulled out by the roots.
If a brochure advertised a hotel as being 5 minutes walk to the beach it must not
require an Olympic athlete to do it in the time.
As for estate agents, if the phrase 'overlooking the river translated to 'backing
onto a ditch’ there would be nothing for it but to show their ad the door.
How do we judge the ads we look into
Our yardstick is The British Code of Advertising Practice.
Its 500 rules give advertisers precise practical guidance on what they can and
cannot say.
Why it's a two-way process
Unfortunately some advertisers are unaware of the Code, and breach it
unwittingly. Others forget, bend or deliberately ignore the rules.
That is why we keep a continuous check on advertising. But because sheer
volume, we cannot monitor advertiser all the time.
66
So we encourage the public to help by telling us about any advertisements they
think ought not to have appeared. Last year over 7,500 people wrote to us.
Ex. 1 Read the text and answer the questions
1. What is the aim of the Advertising Standards Authority?
2. How does the Advertising Standards Authority find out about unacceptable
advertisements?
Ex. 2 Find these expressions in the text and guess their meaning
1. flexing our muscles
2. flowery prose
3. to pull something out by the roots
4. to show someone the door
5. a yardstick
6. to breach the rules
7. to bend the rules
Text B. ' Freedom in a Pie'
1. I once bought a big firm's pie because the picture on the carton was a real gem
of printing and showed a fine photograph of an apricot pie. Part of the pastry had
been cut away, making a great crusty maw out of which a strong build-up of apricots
carried on a torrent of glistening thick syrup, spilled out in eager display.
2. From the carton I slid out a geometrically exact pie, somehow lacking the
glow of promise in that picture, and cut it open. In my mouth the masticatory juices
compelled by the picture were already beginning to retreat. On the floor of a great
empty cavern of nothing, lay one-eighth of an inch of 'jam'. I had been well and truly
conned. Instinctively I dropped the knife and reached for my pen, and wrote: 'Dear
Sirs, Herewith is a packet cover which contains a half (or less) truth . The half (or
more) untruth is the great gush of apricot filling. I regard this as being a serious
deception, especially as the picture appears to be a photograph of the real thing.
Yours, etc., N. Ratcliffe.’
Ex. 1 Read the first two paragraphs of the text and answer the questions
1. What was the author's reaction to the pie in the picture?
2. What was his reaction to the pie itself?
3. Guess the meaning of conned.
Ex. 2 Look at the paragraphs again and notice the kind of language the
writer uses. Find examples of
67
Letters
to
from
Purpose
Paragraph 3
the author
Paragraph 4
the pie manufacturers
Paragraph 5
the author
Paragraph 6
District Inspector, Weights & Measures
Office
Paragraph 7
the author
Paragraph 8
Peter Jackson, MP
Paragraph 9
Peter Jackson, MP
1. 'flowery' language
2. exaggeration
3. stiff, formal language
Ex. 3 Paragraphs 3-9 quote from seven more letters, all concerning the pie
and the picture on the packet. Read the paragraphs and use the table below to:
a) Note down who wrote each letter.
b) Describe the purpose of each letter by choosing one (or two) phrases from the
list below.
1. to apologize
2. to make a complaint
3. to describe action that has been taken
4. to request further information
5. to give further information
6. to put forward a defence
7. to express indignation
3. Came the reply:’ Dear Madam’ [apparently only a woman can have opinions
on pies]. We are very sorry indeed that you should have received a pie that did not
come up our usual high standard. It would seem a slight fault has occurred with the
filling machine and we regret that the operator did not notice that the pie had been
filled incorrectly. We are attaching a postal order . We hope you will use this to buy
another of our products which we feel sure will give you entire satisfaction.'
4. Some time later I bought and opened another apricot pie. Then I wrote again:
'Dear Sirs . I think I may assume that though two of your thousands of pies might be
filled incorrectly, it is hardly likely that the two would pick on the same person. The
second pie is not better than the first. The contrast between what appears to be a
colour photograph of an opened pie and the actual thing inside is so marked as to be
ludicrous, and has all the appearance of gross and cynical misrepresentation. I am
sending a copy of this letter to my MP.
5. 'Dear Sir [so man can have an opinion on pies], some of the sweeping
accusations compel me to reaffirm our principles and intentions. You have used such
phrases as "serious deception" "ludicrous contrast" If all these expressions added up
68
to a reasonable description of our business it would be surprising that we have
survived for over 130 years and retained an extremely high reputation. The
illustrations on our canons are photographic artists' representations. Obviously, as
befits his task, the artist will "dress up" his model to make the most attractive
photograph .The filling used is not jam .We use a properly-made pie filling .The
quantity involved is originally determined by our development technologists and is
related to the amount of pastry to produce the best possible "eat".'
6. Some time later I bought yet another of the pies. There was still that gaping
gap. But in the meantime the Trade Description Act had been passed.
'District Inspector, Weights and Measures Office - Dear Sir, Making the mind,
rational assumption that illustrations can misrepresent just as much as words . It
strikes me that consideration might well be given to the shockingly exaggerated
pictorial representations on some containers of their contents. I have mind, as an
example, the cartons containing "fruit" pies (see enclosure). On cover you will notice
. . .'
7. 'Dear Mr. Ratcliffe, Inquiries have already been commenced. I am wondering
if you would let me have copies of these letters (referred to). Undoubtedly I shall be
writing to the Company in due course and it might be useful to know exactly how
they reacted to your own complaint. Chief Inspector, Weights and Measures Dept.
8. 'From Weights and Measures Dept. to Peter M. Jackson, MP. Dear Sir, we can
inform you that active steps are being taken by the Company to obtain new supplies
of cartons which will be altered in design so as not to offend against provisions of the
Trade Description Act, 1968. Other steps are being taken to obliteration of the picture
on the carton. I might mention that the pulp is fed a fairly small orifice, having been
initially crushed therefore the fill cannot have the appearance of fruit in its true form.
Chief Inspector. '
9. 'From the Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade. Dear Peter Jackson. The
relevant sections of the Act define "trade description" as an indication, direct or
indirect and by whatever means given, of a number of physical characteristic'. I have
no doubt in my mind that a trade description can be applied to goods by means of a
pictorial representation of those goods. Sincerely, Gwyneth Dunwoody.'
Ex. 4 Now read paragraphs 10 and 11. Did the author's attempt to wrong
succeed?
10. On the cartons of small fruit pies made by the firm in question, a silver
rectangle now obliterates that tasty-looking avalanche of fruit. Except the one I
brought other day. Same seductive picture. Same unseductive cavity. (Our pie
cavities are non-fattening.) I tipped the pie up on my plate. Yes, a trickle of the stuff
actually moved. It was an improvement on that rigid one-eighth of an inch 'jam'.
11. I thought of that first 'It would seem a slight fault has occurred with the
machine.' Then the 'Obviously, as befits his task, the artist "dolls up" his model.' Then
'steps are being taken' to obliterate the picture. To adapt Blake.
Hold eternity of procedure in the hollow of a crust,
And Freedom in a Pie.
69
Ex 5 In the last paragraph the author refers to a poem by William Blake
Auguries of Innocence. The original lines referred to are from the beginning of
the poem. What do Blake's lines mean? What does the author's adaptation of
these lines mean?
To see a World in a Grain of Sand
And Heaven in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour.
Ex. 6 When words commonly occur together we say they 'collocate', e.g.
sweeping accusations, a high reputation. What are some common collocations of
these words?
1. a torrent
2. a cavity
3. crusty
4. a trickle
5. a maw
6. seductive
7. a cavern
8. an avalanche
9. rigid
Ex. 7 What is the meaning of these expressions?
1. to pick on
2. to cut away
3. to cut open
Ex. 8 What would happen if there was no advertising? Do you think
products should be sold - and could be sold - simply on their own merit?
Ex. 9 Are there any adverts that you particularly like from television/
posters/ magazines/cinema/etc.? Describe the ads and say why you like them and
why they are effective? The questions below can help do the task.
1. What is being advertised?
2. What is the first impact the ad makes on you? Is that deliberate? If so, why?
3. What is the image being presented? Why?
4. Does it have a slogan? If so, what implications does it have?
5. How much information is given about this product?
How is it given?
6. Is there any special language used - e.g. vocabulary belonging to a special
field, a certain style of expression? Why was it chosen?
7. Are there any cultural references? Are they specific to a particular culture?
70
8. Who is the targeted customer?
9. Are there any other special techniques that have been used?
10.How effective is the ad in your opinion?
7.2 Grammar work
Modal verbs.
May / Might
Ex.1 Answer the following questions with suitable suggestions, using may
(or might) and the words in brackets
1. SUE: Why is Alan in such a bad mood today?
2. ROY: Why is Shelley looking under the desk?
3. JILL: Where can I have put my bag?
4. ZOE: Why hasn't anybody said “Happy Birthday
5. TIM: Why does Henry look so miserable?
6. ELLA: Why isn't Sophie in the office today?
7.
TERRY: Why is John wearing sunglasses? It's not sunny.
YOU: (have some problem with his eyes) He may have some problem with his
eyes
JILL: Why didn't Jane come to the party last night?
YOU: (have a row with her boyfriend) She might have had a row with her
boyfriend
YOU: (sleep badly last night) ..............
YOU: (drop something) ..............
YOU: (be under the bed) ..............
YOU: (plan a surprise) ...............
YOU: (have some bad news) ..............
YOU: (work at home) ..............
JOHN: Why didn't Rosemary come to the cinema last night?
YOU: (feel tired) ..............
Must, can’t, may, might
”
to me?
Ex. 2 Choose the correct form of the verbs
1.
You must be / can't be very proud of your son winning so many prizes.
2. We thought our cousins would visit us when they were in town last week, but
they didn't even phone. I suppose they must be / must have been too busy.
3. The film has been such a big success I guess it must be / can't be easy to get
tickets to see it.