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Unit 13. There are now more than 300,000 people living homeless in Britain
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Getting to grips, temporary accommodation, stuck in the cramped confines,
devastating impact, spiralling rents, multi-faceted, sofa-surfing, urgent action,
wide-ranging plan, rough sleeping, targeted help, austerity, hampering,
shortfall.
2. Consult the dictionary and find synonyms to the following words. Write your
own sentences with these words.
Homeless, data, grip, cramped, devastating impact, multi-faceted, outline,
austerity.
3. Read the article again and fill the gaps with appropriate words.
1) A new report by homelessness ……………. Shelter has ……………. the
scale of the homelessness crisis in Britain.
2) / the government is not getting to ……………. with the homelessness
crisis.
3) The report also shows the rate of ……………. in homelessness is highest
in the West Midlands/
4) Due to the perfect storm of ……………. rents/
5) / thousands whose lives will be ……………. by homelessness this winter.
6) / certainly include lack of ……………. of ……………. affordable housing/
7) / I set out a ……………. plan to end ……………. sleeping/
8) / there is a huge ……………. in funding to ……………. these obligations.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) It compiles the latest statistics of people are homeless and living in
temporary accommodation, rough sleeping, in hostels or being temporarily
housed under the Children’s Act.
2) These new figures show that homelessness is having a devastating impact
on the lives of people right across the country.
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3) Due to the perfect storm of spiralling rents, welfare cuts and a total lack of
social housing, record numbers of people are sleeping out on the streets
or stuck in the cramped confines of a hostel room.
4) The causes are multi-faceted and complex, but certainly include lack of
supply of decent affordable housing, lack of protection for private renters
and freezes and cuts to welfare payments.
5) We do not seek to assess how many people are sofa-surfing or experiencing
other non-officially recorded types of homelessness, so our results will
always be to some degree the tip of the iceberg.
5. Write an essay choosing one of the following topics.
“We have come dangerously close to accepting the homeless situation as a
problem that we just can’t solve.”
Linda Lingle
“We just can’t stop people from being homeless if that’s their choice.”
Tony Abbott
“People who are homeless are not social inadequates. They are people
without homes.”
Sheila McKechnie
6. Render the following into English.
В Британии все больше работающих людей живут в бедности
Уровень нищеты среди работающих британцев вырос, несмотря на ожив-
ление экономики страны.
Согласно данным нового исследования, проведенного Фондом Джозефа Раундтри (Joseph Rowntree Foundation), из-за высоких цен на жилье около 3,8 млн
работающих людей – то есть каждый восьмой – едва сводит концы с концами.
Число «работающих бедняков» выросло на 1,1 млн человек с 2010–
2011 гг., и 55% из тех, кто живет в бедности, работают.
Люди, получающие меньше 60% от медианного дохода (то есть уровня,
выше и ниже которого получают доход одинаковое число работников), считаются бедными.
Между тем правительство утверждает, что уровень бедности в стране
снижается по сравнению с 2010 годом.
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Unit 13. There are now more than 300,000 people living homeless in Britain
«С 2010 года численность людей, живущих в бедности, сократилась на
300 тыс. человек, но мы знаем, что еще многое нужно сделать. Мы увеличиваем общенациональный прожиточный минимум и освобождаем миллионы
людей от подоходного налога, чтобы работать было выгодно», – сказал представитель правительства.
Британские власти пообещали сконцентрировать внимание на «едва
справляющихся семьях», то есть тех, которые находятся в стесненных финансовых условиях, несмотря на наличие работы.
В своем первом официальном заявлении после вступления в должность
премьер-министр Тереза Мей сказала: «Если вы из простой рабочей семьи,
то ваша жизнь гораздо тяжелее, чем многие в Вестминстере [правительстве]
думают. У вас есть работа, но нет гарантий».
Однако Фонд Джозефа Раундтри заявляет, что экономика не работает
для семей с низким доходом. Согласно отчету фонда, 7,4 млн человек, включая 2,6 млн детей, живут в бедности, несмотря на наличие работы у взрослых
членов семьи.
Под позитивной экономической картинкой, рисуемой правительством, в
обществе ощущается неуверенность в завтрашнем дне, чему способствует и
растущая безработица, говорят эксперты.
«Экономика растет с 2010 года, однако за это время из-за выросших цен
на жилье, низких зарплат и сокращений льготных выплат некоторым категориям трудоспособного населения многие семьи, включая и полностью занятых на работе, увидели перед собой перспективу сокращения доходов», –
прокомментировала данные отчета Хелен Барнард, старший аналитик фонда
JRF.
«Этот отчет показывает, что люди с низким доходом не могут полагаться
исключительно на экономический рост и растущую занятость, чтобы улучшить свое финансовое положение», – сказала Барнард [9].
ББС Ньюс, Русская служба
7 декабря 2016
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Unit
14
Read and translate the article
From Slavery To Freedom
by Frederick Douglass
African American abolitionist, author, and orator Frederick Douglass was born
into slavery around 1818. After escaping to freedom in his early twenties, he went
on to become a leader in the anti-slavery movement. The following excerpt begins
when he was about eight, after his master had sent him to Baltimore, Maryland, to
serve Hugh and Sophia Auld. It is taken from his autobiography, Narrative of the
Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, published in 1845.
Very soon after I went to live with Mr. and Mrs. Auld, she very kindly commenced
to teach me the A, B, C. After I had learned this, she assisted me in learning to spell
words of three or four letters. Just at this point of my progress, Mr. Auld found out
what was going on, and at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further, telling her,
among other things, that it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read.
To use his own words, further, he said, “If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an
ell [equivalent to about forty-five inches. – Ed.]. A nigger should know nothing but to
obey his master – to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in
the world. Now,” said he, “if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself) how to read,
there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at
once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could
do him no good, but a great deal of harm. It would make him discontented and
unhappy.” These words sank deep into my heart, stirred up sentiments within that
lay slumbering, and called into existence an entirely new train of thought. It was
a new and special revelation, explaining dark and mysterious things, with which
my youthful understanding had struggled, but struggled in vain. I now understood
what had been to me a most perplexing difficulty – to wit, the white man’s power to
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Unit 14. From Slavery To Freedom
enslave the black man. It was a grand achievement, and I prized it highly. From that
moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. . . .
From this time I was most narrowly watched. If I was in a separate room any
considerable length of time, I was sure to be suspected of having a book, and was
at once called to give an account of myself. All this, however, was too late. The first
step had been taken. Mistress, in teaching me the alphabet, had given me the inch,
and no precaution could prevent me from taking the ell.
The plan which I adopted, and the one by which I was most successful, was
that of making friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street. As many
of these as I could, I converted into teachers. With their kindly aid, obtained at
different times and in different places, I finally succeeded in learning to read. When
I was sent on errands, I always took my book with me, and by going one part of
my errand quickly, I found time to get a lesson before my return. I used also to
carry bread with me, enough of which was always in the house, and to which I
was always welcome; for I was much better off in this regard than many of the
poor white children in our neighborhood. This bread I used to bestow upon the
hungry little urchins, who, in return, would give me that more valuable bread of
knowledge. I am strongly tempted to give the names of two or three of those little
boys, as a testimonial of the gratitude and affection I bear them; but prudence
forbids – not that it would injure me, but it might embarrass them; for it is almost an
unpardonable offense to teach slaves to read in this Christian country. It is enough
to say of the dear little fellows, that they lived on Philpot Street, very near Durgin
and Bailey’s shipyard. I used to talk this matter of slavery over with them. I would
sometimes say to them, I wished I could be as free as they would be when they got
to be men. “You will be free as soon as you are twenty-one, but I am a slave for life!
Have not I as good a right to be free as you have?” These words used to trouble
them; they would express for me the liveliest sympathy, and console me with the
hope that something would occur by which I might be free.
I was now about twelve years old, and the thought of being a slave for life
began to bear heavily upon my heart. Just about this time, I got hold of a book
entitled The Columbian Orator. Every opportunity I got, I used to read this book.
Among much of other interesting matter, I found in it a dialogue between a master
and his slave. The slave was represented as having run away from his master three
times. The dialogue represented the conversation which took place between them,
when the slave was retaken the third time. In this dialogue, the whole argument in
behalf of slavery was brought forward by the master, all of which was disposed of
by the slave. The slave was made to say some very smart as well as impressive
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things in reply to his master – things which had the desired though unexpected
effect; for the conversation resulted in the voluntary emancipation of the slave on
the part of the master.
In the same book, I met with one of [Irish playwright Richard Brinsley]
Sheridan’s mighty speeches on and in behalf of Catholic emancipation. These were
choice documents to me. I read them over and over again with unabated interest.
They gave tongue to interesting thoughts of my own soul, which had frequently
flashed through my mind, and died away for want of utterance. The moral which
I gained from the dialogue was the power of truth over the conscience of even a
slaveholder. What I got from Sheridan was a bold denunciation of slavery, and a
powerful vindication of human rights. The reading of these documents enabled
me to utter my thoughts, and to meet the arguments brought forward to sustain
slavery; but while they relieved me of one difficulty, they brought on another even
more painful than the one of which I was relieved. The more I read, the more I was
led to abhor and detest my enslavers. I could regard them in no other light than
a band of successful robbers, who had left their homes, and gone to Africa, and
stolen us from our homes, and in a strange land reduced us to slavery. I loathed
them as being the meanest as well as the most wicked of men. As I read and
contemplated the subject, behold! That very discontentment which Master Hugh
had predicted would follow my learning to read had already come, to torment and
sting my soul to unutterable anguish. As I writhed under it, I would at times feel
that learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing. It had given me
a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. It opened my eyes to the
horrible pit, but to no ladder upon which to get out. In moments of agony, I envied
my fellow-slaves for their stupidity. I have often wished myself a beast. I preferred
the condition of the meanest reptile to my own. Anything, no matter what, to get
rid of thinking! It was this everlasting thinking of my condition that tormented me.
There was no getting rid of it. It was pressed upon me by every object within sight
or hearing, animate or inanimate. The silver trump of freedom had roused my soul
to eternal wakefulness. Freedom now appeared, to disappear no more forever. It
was heard in every sound, and seen in every thing. It was ever present to torment
me with a sense of my wretched condition. I saw nothing without seeing it, I heard
nothing without hearing it, and felt nothing without feeling it. It looked from every
star, it smiled in every calm, breathed in every wind, and moved in every storm.
I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead;
and but for the hope of being free, I have no doubt but that I should have killed
myself, or done something for which I should have been killed. While in this state
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Unit 14. From Slavery To Freedom
of mind, I was eager to hear anyone speak of slavery. I was a ready listener. Every
little while, I could hear something about the abolitionists. It was some time before
I found what the word meant. It was always used in such connections as to make
it an interesting word to me. If a slave ran away and succeeded in getting clear, or
if a slave killed his master, set fire to a barn, or did anything very wrong in the mind
of a slaveholder, it was spoken of as the fruit of abolition. Hearing the word in this
connection very often, I set about learning what it meant. The dictionary afforded
me little or no help. I found it was “the act of abolishing”; but then I did not know
what was to be abolished. Here I was perplexed. I did not dare to ask anyone
about its meaning, for I was satisfied that it was something they wanted me to know
very little about. After a patient waiting, I got one of our city papers, containing
an account of the number of petitions from the north, praying for the abolition of
slavery in the District of Columbia, and of the slave trade between the States. From
this time I understood the words abolition and abolitionist, and always drew near
when that word was spoken, expecting to hear something of importance to myself
and fellow-slaves. The light broke in upon me by degrees. I went one day down
on the wharf of Mr. Waters; and seeing two Irishmen unloading a scow of stone,
I went, unasked, and helped them. When we had finished, one of them came to
me and asked me if I were a slave. I told him I was. He asked, “Are ye a slave for
life?” I told him that I was. The good Irishman seemed to be deeply affected by
the statement. He said to the other that it was a pity so fine a little fellow as myself
should be a slave for life. He said it was a shame to hold me. They both advised
me to run away to the north; that I should find friends there, and that I should be
free. I pretended not to be interested in what they said, and treated them as if I did
not understand them; for I feared they might be treacherous. White men have been
known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, to get the reward, catch them and
return them to their masters. I was afraid that these seemingly good men might use
me so; but I nevertheless remembered their advice, and from that time I resolved
to run away. I looked forward to a time at which it would be safe for me to escape.
I was too young to think of doing so immediately; besides, I wished to learn how to
write, as I might have occasion to write my own pass. I consoled myself with the
hope that I should one day find a good chance. Meanwhile, I would learn to write.
[44]
Frederick Douglass
The Sun
June, 2018
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Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Abolitionist, unlawful, discontented, to stir up, to lay slumbering, revelation, in
vain, perplexing difficulty, precaution, errand, to bestow, hungry little urchins, bread
of knowledge, prudence forbids, unpardonable offense, voluntary emancipation,
unabated interest, conscience, bold denunciation, vindication, utter thoughts,
abhor, detest, loath, discontentment, unutterable anguish, sting, remedy.
2. Fill the gaps with the missing prepositions in the following wordings.
1) he went … to become a leader
2) stirred … sentiments … that lay slumbering
3) struggled … vain
4) these words sank deep … my heart
5) no precaution could prevent me … taking the ell
6) who, … return, would give me
7) to be suspected … having a book
8) a slave for life began to bear heavily … my heart
9) was disposed … by the slave
10) I read them … and … again
3. Match the words in column A with their synonyms under B.
A
abolition
discontented
slumber
existence
vain
precaution
urchin
testimonial
unabated
denunciation
loathe
B
being
characteristic
whipper-snapper
cancellation
condemnation
warning
hate
conceited
dissatisfied
unmitigated
doze
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Unit 14. From Slavery To Freedom
4. Explain and expand on the following sentences from the text.
1) “If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know
nothing but to obey his master – to do as he is told to do. Learning would
spoil the best nigger in the world.
2) It was a new and special revelation, explaining dark and mysterious things,
with which my youthful understanding had struggled, but struggled in vain.
3) What I got from Sheridan was a bold denunciation of slavery, and a powerful
vindication of human rights.
4) As I writhed under it, I would at times feel that learning to read had been a
curse rather than a blessing.
5) “You will be free as soon as you are twenty-one, but I am a slave for life!
Have not I as good a right to be free as you have?”
6) I saw nothing without seeing it, I heard nothing without hearing it, and felt
nothing without feeling it.
7) I pretended not to be interested in what they said, and treated them as if I
did not understand them; for I feared they might be treacherous.
5. Write a summary of the article
6. Translate the text into English.
Рабы Европы. Кто зарабатывает на бесплатном труде мигрантов
По официальным данным, только в 2017 году в ЕС из Африки и стран
Ближнего Востока прибыли средиземноморскими маршрутами 187 тысяч
беженцев. Многие обратились за помощью к контрабандистам и стали жертвами преступников, вовлекших их в рабский труд в строительстве, сельском
хозяйстве, сфере сексуальных услуг. РИА Новости рассказывает, как в цивилизованный мир вернулось рабство.
Сто долларов за душу
«Торговлю людьми часто называют современным рабством, но феномен, с которым мы имеем дело, сильно отличается от трансатлантической
работорговли прежних времен, – говорит исполнительный секретарь группы
экспертов по вопросам противодействия торговле людьми Совета Европы
(GRETA) Петя Несторова. – Рабы теперь не носят цепи и кандалы, не счита-
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ются собственностью тех, кто их эксплуатирует. В подавляющем большинстве случаев жертвы сами соглашаются работать в не соответствующих никаким стандартам условиях за нищенскую плату или вообще за еду».
...
Есть случаи работорговли и в прежнем понимании. В середине ноября
прошлого года телеканал CNN показал кадры с «невольничьего рынка» в Ливии – стране, где последние шесть лет фактически нет государственной власти. Чернокожий раб там стоит не больше 100 долларов. По словам ливийского правозащитника Эмада Бади, различные силовые структуры, которые
после свержения Муаммара Каддафи борются за власть, не в состоянии препятствовать этому бизнесу. Некоторые рабы впоследствии переправляются
для принудительных работ в Европу.
...
Невидимая рука рынка
Увеличение числа контрабандистов, несмотря на уменьшение миграционных потоков, свидетельствует о том, что торговля людьми процветает.
Европейские рынки на фоне роста теневого сектора все больше заинтересованы в бесплатной или почти бесплатной рабочей силе. Правозащитники
указывают: хотя национальные правительства делают многое, чтобы ограничить приток новых мигрантов и избавиться от уже приехавших, развитию
подобных бизнес-моделей ничто не препятствует. Торговля людьми считается уголовным преступлением во всех странах Европы, а принудительный
труд – лишь в нескольких. Кроме того, само это понятие недостаточно конкретизировано, и тем, кто прибегает к эксплуатации, легко вообще избежать
наказания либо отделаться штрафом.
«Часто найм происходит через интернет и социальные сети, где размещаются привлекательные и вводящие в заблуждение объявления о работе, по факту подразумевающие рабский труд. Практики временного найма,
рекрутинговые агентства, берущие деньги за свои услуги и оставляющие
соискателей в долгах, отсутствие социальных гарантий для лиц без местного паспорта – все это способствует торговле людьми», – говорит Петя
Несторова. По ее мнению, особенно уязвимы те, кто трудится в домашних
хозяйствах: «Этот рынок в Европе фактически теневой и не подконтролен
властям, туда не направить инспекцию». Кроме того, некоторые страны объявили надзорные каникулы, чтобы стимулировать развитие бизнеса, и это
тоже «ограничивает превентивный эффект трудовых инспекций». «Соцзащи-
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