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Unit 24. The Late Late Toy Show: How a TV special became Ireland’s greatest Christmas tradition
4. Explain the difference in meaning or usage of the following groups of words.
Think of situations in which they would be appropriate and make your own
sentences with these words.
1) touching – moving – heartwarming – pathetic – affecting – appealing –
internal
2) demonstrate – show – display – showcase – glass case
3) give way – let loose – uncurb – unrein – unleash
4) seem – appear – look – show up – emerge – turn up
5) unfetter – get rid of – free – exempt – release – loose – liberate
5. Write a summary of the article.
6. Translate the text into English.
В Швеции рассказали
о самом популярном подарке на грядущее Рождество
Одежда, произведенная из старого, полностью или частично переработанного материала, может возглавить список самых покупаемых подарков на
Рождество в этом году, говорится в сообщении Института розничной торговли (HUI) в Стокгольме.
«Рождественский подарок 2018 года – одежда, произведенная из переработанного материала или из старой одежды, отражает интересы шведских
потребителей в отношении новых устойчивых альтернатив и растущую обеспокоенность по поводу климата и окружающей среды «, – поясняют в сообщении для прессы шведские эксперты выбор подарка на Рождество в этом
году.
В своих предсказаниях по поводу того, какой именно товар может оказаться наиболее популярным в Швеции, эксперты исходят из трех критериев: многие ли потребители обратили на продукт особое внимание в текущем
году, отражает ли он тенденции нашего времени и пользуется ли спросом
покупателей. Важным критерием называют эксперты и свои собственные
ощущения.
Шведские аналитики, представляя подарок года, всегда замечают, что,
когда они прогнозируют ожидаемые объемы предрождественской торговли,
то не обратить внимание на популярность или возможности тех или иных то-
151
Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
варов сложно. Поэтому и в шутку, и всерьез они начали предугадывать, какой
именно продукт может стать доминирующим среди подарков, оказавшихся
под новогодней елкой шведов.
Свои прогнозы аналитики ежегодно публикуют с 1988 года и нередко вызывают дискуссии и шутки в стране – иногда эксперты точно предсказывают
настроения потребителей, иногда они не совсем совпадают с ними.
В прошлом году аналитики розничной торговли предсказали, что самым
ходовым подарком на Рождество станет электрический велосипед, а годом
раньше – очки виртуальной реальности VR [1].
Божко Людмила
РИА Новости
20 ноября, 2018 г.
152
Unit
25
Read and translate the article
The varieties of Muslim faith become a vital form of diplomacy
A concept born in the cold war comes home to roost
ABOUT 30 YEARS ago, in the final years of the cold war, the American political
scientist Joseph Nye developed the concept of soft power. He meant the ability of
countries and alliances to gain influence in the world, and prevail over rivals, not
through weapons or economic heft but by the seductive power of their culture,
products and way of life. Although in principle any state or system can wield soft
power, the concept was first used to compliment the infectious attractiveness of
American music, films and youth culture, which was seen as one of the several
factors that wooed foreigners away from their loyalty to drab, gerontocratic
communist regimes.
In the 21
understanding of a related but distinctly different phenomenon: the projection of
religious soft power, mainly in the form of rival versions of Islam. That, at least,
is the contention of two senior fellows at Brookings, a think-tank in Washington,
DC. Peter Mandaville and Shadi Hamid have just published a 30-page paper as a
foretaste of a project that will look in more detail at the dissemination of religious
influence by individual countries.
As they point out, religious soft power in the realm of Islam is associated in
many people’s minds with one binary contest. The rulers of Saudi Arabia and Iran,
respectively, spread Sunni pietism with a fundamentalist edge, and a brand of Shia
Islam that goes long on grievance, victimhood and resistance to the existing world
order.
It has become a commonplace that since the 1970s Saudi Arabia’s masters
have been using their oil wealth (and the prestige that goes with hosting the holy
st
century, students of world affairs will have to sharpen their
153
Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
sites) to disseminate their own version of back-to-basics Islam by funding mosques,
tracts and organisations which can often supplant locally rooted varieties of the
religion. During the cold war, this was blessed by the West as a counterweight
to communism; much more recently, an upsurge of Saudi-inspired Salafist Islam
has been regarded as an unexpected side-effect of turbulent popular uprisings.
Meanwhile, since the Iranian revolution of 1979, that country’s clerical masters
have tried to gain global traction through Shias and other non-Sunni minorities in
many lands.
So the binary picture isn’t false, but the authors plead for a more nuanced
understanding. Many other countries and regimes are projecting their particular
versions of Islam internationally. These include the monarchies of Jordan and
Morocco, both eager practitioners of emollient inter-Islamic and inter-faith
diplomacy; and the elected Islamists of Turkey who (despite turning furiously
against the once-mighty global network led by Fethullah Gulen, the exiled preacher)
continue to sponsor mosques in unlikely places, from America to the developing
world. Even Indonesia is trying to win global sympathy for its own Muslim culture
and its approach to de-radicalisation.
As for the activities of Saudi Arabia and Iran, the authors note, they are neither
monolithic nor invariably successful. Iran’s clerics may be trying to wield influence
over the Shia majority in Iraq, but instead Iraqi-inspired theology is gaining traction
among Iranian seminarians. The Saudis lavishly funded bodies like the World
Assembly of Muslim Youth, only to find them partially taken over by the pragmatic,
populist variety of Islamism propagated by the global Muslim Brotherhood, with its
roots in Egypt.
Within each country, moreover, the range of actors involved in religious-power
projection can be quite broad and confusing. As the authors note, the religious
attachés attached to Saudi embassies have often been “viewed with suspicion by
the kingdom’s foreign ministry, which worried that their not-always subtle activities
would create tensions with the local government and population.”
Private donors are often as important as the state in the spreading of Turkish
Islam, of which one striking example is the establishment of mosques in areas of
Africa where Turkish-led construction projects are in progress.
All this must be rather surprising to Mr Nye, who developed his concept of
soft power, in part, as a way of showing how Coca-Cola and disco dancing were
helping to win the cold war for the West. He might scarcely have imagined that his
analytical template would one day be applied to different varieties of a conservative,
revealed religion.
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Unit 25. The varieties of Muslim faith become a vital form of diplomacy
In truth, religious-power projection long predates the superpower competition
of the late 20th century. It was practised by most of history’s traditional empires,
whether the faith they propagated was Christian, Muslim or any other. What is
different about the 21st century is that technology makes it easier than ever to
enter the hearts and minds of people thousands of miles away. Advertisers and
political propagandists know that, and so does every variety of preacher. [56]
The Economist
November 20, 2018
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Faith, vital, influence, prevail, rivals, economic heft, distinctly, think-tank,
foretaste, dissemination, grievance, victimhood, supplant, upsurge, emollient,
furiously, lavishly, populist, suspicion, create tensions, striking example, scarcely,
template, preacher, gerontocratic communist regimes.
2. Fill the gaps with the missing prepositions in the following wordings.
1) is associated ... many people’s minds
2) their own version ... back-to-basics Islam
3) to gain influence ... the world, and prevail ... rivals
4) to gain global traction ... Shias
5) as they point ..., religious soft power ... the realm of Islam
6) eager practitioners ... emollient inter-Islamic and inter-faith diplomacy
7) viewed ... suspicion ... the kingdom’s foreign ministry
8) to disseminate their version ... funding mosques
9) create tensions ... the local government and population
10) gaining traction ... Iranian seminarians
3. Form antonyms by using negative prefixes and find synonymous expressions
for the antonyms.
Ability, understanding, organisation, likely, variably, establish, revealed,
different.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
4. Explain and expand on the following sentences from the text.
1) In the 21st century, students of world affairs will have to sharpen their
understanding of a related but distinctly different phenomenon: the projection
of religious soft power, mainly in the form of rival versions of Islam.
2) Religious soft power in the realm of Islam is associated in many people’s
minds with one binary contest.
3) Many other countries and regimes are projecting their particular versions of
Islam internationally.
4) Within each country, moreover, the range of actors involved in religiouspower projection can be quite broad and confusing.
5) Private donors are often as important as the state in the spreading of
Turkish Islam.
5. Write a summary of the article.
6. Render the text into English.
Мусульмане и православные планируют
совместные благотворительные проекты
Глава Духовного управления мусульман Республики Татарстан (ДУМ РТ)
Камиль Самигуллин и член Общественной палаты, протоиерей Александр
Ткаченко во время встречи в Казани составили планы социальной поддержки
обществу.
Представители двух конфессий, выступая перед студентами Высшей
школы журналистики и медиакоммуникаций Казанского федерального университета (КФУ) отметили, что сегодня прихожанам мечетей и церквей крайне необходима социальная поддержка.
«Мы, например, немало работаем с теми, кто оказался в местах лишения
свободы. Эти люди выйдут со временем на свободу, им необходимо найти
работу, образовать семью, завести детей. И мы стараемся решить эти вопросы, встречаясь с этими гражданами непосредственно в колониях», – отметил
муфтий Камиль Самигуллин.
Протоиерей Александр Ткаченко, также занимающий пост директора
Детского хосписа Санкт-Петербурга, призвал студентов КФУ писать о теме
помощи ближнему в корректной и этичной форме.
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Unit 25. The varieties of Muslim faith become a vital form of diplomacy
«Очень важный аспект – личное участие журналиста в благотворительности. Любой журналист, описывающий социальную проблему, пропускает
ее через себя, включается в нее. И сам становится участником этого процесса», – сказал протоиерей Александр Ткаченко.
По его мнению, дети с тяжелыми заболеваниями, семейные проблемы,
проблемы, связанные с экологией, доступностью среды, отношения к животным и множество других требуют очень осторожного подхода.
«Важно не навредить героям этих публикаций», – резюмировал протоиерей Александр Ткаченко.
Религиозные деятели отметили, что традиционные конфессии России
играют важную роль в социальном служении обществу. Они также подчеркнули о единых подходах к этическим принципам в освещении социальных
проблем.
«В во время нашей встречи и переговоров с Ткаченко мы выработали совместные проекты по помощи и поддержке детям, пожилым людям, работе
с государственными институтами и организациями. А реализация этих планов – дело времени», – заключил муфтий Самигуллин [21].
РИА Новости
26 сентября, 2018 г.
157
Unit
26
Read and translate the article
Brazil’s classrooms become a battleground in a culture war
On October 28th, the day Jair Bolsonaro won Brazil’s presidential election, Ana
Caroline Campagnolo, an “anti-feminist” history teacher who had recently been
elected a legislator in the southern state of Santa Catarina, sent out a message
on Facebook. “Attention students!” she wrote. “Many doctrinaire teachers will be
disconcerted or revolted” by the election of Mr. Bolsonaro, a politician of the right.
“Film or record all partisan manifestations that ... offend your freedom of thought or
conscience,” she urged.
Ms Campagnolo’s rallying call issues from a movement called Escola SEM
Partido (“School without Party”, or ESP). It claims that Brazil’s schools have been
politicised by left-wing teachers and demands “pluralism” in the classroom. Miguel
Nagib, who founded ESP in 2004, contends that schools are engaged in “social
engineering” that undermines the rights of parents. Mr. Bolsonaro, a former army
captain, is an enthusiastic supporter. The movement’s critics say that its goal is not
political neutrality but to instil a culturally conservative agenda that is intolerant of
feminism, gay people and the left.
With Mr. Bolsonaro’s election ESP, which has ties to evangelical churches, has
moved from the fringe to the centre. During the campaign he echoed its rhetoric,
accusing the federal government of promoting “homosexuality and promiscuity” in
schools. A proposed law, backed by ESP, would ban teachers from talking about
“gender ideology” (a catch-all term for trendy ideas about sex and gender), sexual
orientation and their political views. How that will promote pluralism is unclear.
When the president-elect was reported to be on the verge of naming a respected
moderate, Mozart Neves Ramos, to be his education minister, conservatives
rebelled. Mr. Bolsonaro retreated. On November 22
nd
he announced that the new
158
Unit 26. Brazil’s classrooms become a battleground in a culture war
education minister will be Ricardo Vélez Rodríguez, a Colombian theologian who
has written that schools force “Marxist ideology” on their pupils.
Brazil’s biggest teachers’ union, with more than 1m members, has ties to
the left-wing (but non-Marxist) Workers’ Party (pt), whose presidential candidate
Mr. Bolsonaro defeated. ESP is obsessed with the influence of Paulo Freire,
an educator who in the 1950s taught impoverished sugar-cane cutters to read.
He thought teaching should draw on issues that affected learners, like hunger.
His book, “Pedagogy of the Oppressed”, published in 1968, spread that view
worldwide. Brazil’s military rulers exiled him in 1964. Today, his writings are on
the syllabus in most teacher-training courses in Brazil. A law designates him “the
patron of Brazilian education”.
For ESP, Freire transformed “innocent illiterate people into illiterate
communists”. During the election campaign Mr. Bolsonaro, who speaks well of
the dictatorship that exiled Freire, vowed to “take a flame-thrower to the ministry of
education and get Paulo Freire out of there”.
The panic is overdone. Freire is a source of “fashionable jargon”, not
a shaper of policy, says Vitor Henrique Paro, a professor of education at the
University of São Paulo. ESP has produced no rigorous studies showing that
schools are promoting left-wing ideas and non-traditional lifestyles. “They’re citing
isolated incidents,” says Mr. Paro. Olavo de Carvalho, an influential conservative
intellectual and ally of ESP, admitted in a newspaper interview that the proposed
federal law to suppress such evils is “premature” because there is no evidence
that they are widespread.
There have been enough incidents to rile ESP, which in turn has sowed panic
in schools. Teachers in classrooms have worn t-shirts supporting leftist candidates
and described the impeachment in 2016 of President Dilma Rousseff as a “coup”,
echoing the language of the pt, her party. In a video shared on Mr. Bolsonaro’s
Facebook page, a teacher screams at a student: “I fought for democracy and
you’re here talking about that piece of crap Bolsonaro.”
Equally sinister in ESP’s eyes are campaigns to discourage discrimination
against gay people. In 2011 the human-rights committee of the lower house of
congress proposed a programme called “schools without homophobia”, which
would have encouraged discussion of gender stereotypes and the viewing of films
such as “Beautiful Thing”, about a gay relationship. That angered evangelicals. Ms
Rousseff, who was president at the time, blocked the programme. That has not
stopped Mr. Bolsonaro from accusing the pt of distributing “gay kits”, his name for
materials that promote tolerance of gays.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
A school in Porto Alegre, in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, sacked a
teacher for assigning material that discussed gay sex. In Rio de Janeiro a private
school removed from the syllabus a book about a family escaping from Brazil’s
military dictatorship after parents complained that it teaches communism. Juliana
Lopes, a high-school teacher in São Paulo, was fired after telling pupils that she
wouldn’t vote for Mr. Bolsonaro because she thinks he has an authoritarian agenda.
The school accused her of discussing politics “with an explicit partisan bias”. Ms
Lopes says she was encouraging “critical thinking”.
By suggesting that pupils record their teachers in action, ESP has heightened
their fears. “Teachers don’t have the right to confidentiality,” says Mr. Nagib. Mr.
Bolsonaro backs the practice. “Only bad teachers should have to worry,” he says.
Classroom-made recordings appear on social networks and provoke threats.
One video showed a teacher telling a student that “idiotic police officers or your
lowlife pastor” are lying to him. The teacher says that he received death threats; he
admits that the harangue was inappropriate.
With Mr. Bolsonaro in the presidency and Mr. Vélez at the education
ministry, ESP will have more powerful advocates than it could ever have
dreamed of. But the movement faces formidable opposition. Courts in at least
five states have overturned ESP-backed municipal laws, saying they violate
the constitution’s guarantee of freedom to learn and teach. If the congress
backs the federal proposal, it will surely be challenged in the courts. In the
fight to contain a radical president’s powers, classrooms will be an early
battleground. [50]
The Economist
November 29, 2018
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Battleground, legislator, conscience, pluralism, accusing, promiscuity, verge,
oppressed, syllabus, rigorous, suppress, premature, evidence, widespread,
sinister, relationship, accusing, explicit, encouraging, harangue, formidable,
overturned.
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