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Unit 11. The case for multilateralism
рые разрабатывают и осуществляют свою собственную миграционную политику; странам происхождения мигрантов, транзита и назначения; и самим
мигрантам», – заявил Антониу Гутерриш.
Договор обеспечит управление миграционными потоками в интересах го-
сударств и самих мигрантов
Луиза Арбур подчеркнула, что Договор, который стал кульминацией
18-месячных переговоров, является своего рода ориентиром для государств
в их миграционной политике. В его основе лежат положения, которые должны
обеспечить легальный, безопасный и упорядоченный характер международных перемещений людей. Это соглашение не будет юридически обязательным. Оно направлено на сотрудничество.
«Соглашение было инициировано самими государствами. Необходимость
такого Договора по миграции связана с тем, что большое число мигрантов погибают, пытаясь добраться в другие страны, и что государства все больше теряют контроль над своими границами», – заявила Специальный представитель.
Она подчеркнула, что Договор является «подтверждением необходимости соблюдения национального суверенитета и универсальных прав человека при подходе к международной миграции в интересах всех».
В 2018 году число международных мигрантов во всем мире достигло 258
миллиона человек. 50 миллионов из них – дети. По словам Луизы Арбур,
женщины составляют 46 процентов всех мигрантов.
Миграция является одним из основных двигателей развития современного мира. Вместе с тем она создает множество проблем. Из-за нее государства лишаются талантливых кадров. Она разъединяет семьи и сопровождается немыслимыми страданиями людей, многим из которых зачастую
приходится трудиться в рабских условиях. Новый договор указывает пути
решения этих проблем.
Отвечая на вопросы журналистов, Луиза Арбур сообщила, что Австрия,
Австралия, Доминиканская Республика, Венгрия, Латвия, Польша, Словакия,
США и Чехия заявили, что «отмежёвываются» от нового Глобального договора по миграции. Ряд стран, по ее словам, – Бельгия, Болгария, Эстония,
Словения, Израиль, Италия, Швейцария – еще обсуждают вопрос о приемлемости для них нового Договора по миграции [24].
Русская служба новостей ООН
9 декабря, 2018 г.
71
Unit
12
Read and translate the article
The New Radicalization of the Internet
Jihadists and right-wing extremists use remarkably similar social media strategies.
Social media has played a key role in the recent rise of violent right-wing
extremism in the United States, including three recent incidents – one in which a
man was accused of sending mail bombs to critics of the president, another in which
a man shot dead two African-Americans in a Kroger’s grocery store in Kentucky,
and a third in which a man is accused of conducting a murderous rampage at a
synagogue in Pittsburgh.
Each of these attacks falls under the definition of right-wing extremism by the
Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland: “violence in support of the
belief that personal and/or national way of life is under attack and is either already
lost or that the threat is imminent.» Antiglobalism, racial or ethnic supremacy,
nationalism, suspicion of the federal government, obsessions over individual
liberty – these are all hallmarks of this network of ideologies, which is, of course,
shot through with conspiracy theories.
Yet, even as the body count of this fanaticism grows, the nation still lacks a
coherent strategy for countering the violent extremism made possible through the
internet.
Instead, the fundamental design of social media sometimes exacerbates
the problem. It rewards loyalty to one’s own group, providing a dopamine rush
of engagement that fuels platforms like Facebook and YouTube, as well as more
obscure sites like Gab or Voat. The algorithms that underpin these networks
also promote engaging content, in a feedback loop that, link by link, guides new
audiences to toxic ideas.
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Unit 12. The New Radicalization of the Internet
This dynamic plays out around the globe. In Germany, one study showed that
towns with heavier Facebook usage saw more anti-refugee attacks. In Sri Lanka
and Myanmar, Facebook played a significant role in inciting violence.
While the motivations of violent actors may be different, the paths they travel
toward violence are similar. Cesar Sayoc, the accused mail bomber, posted links
on Twitter and Facebook to conspiracy theories about Hillary Clinton and illegal
immigration. The accused Pittsburgh killer, Robert Bowers, was active on Gab, a
social network established to harbor speech censored by mainstream platforms –
including speech that many other platforms found too extremist. Two hours before
the shooting, Mr. Bowers posted that a Jewish organization that aids refugees
“likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can’t sit by and watch my people get
slaughtered. Screw your optics, I’m going in.”
Gregory Bush – the man accused of shooting the two people in a Kroger’s and
saying, when confronted by a white man, “Whites don’t kill whites” – was a more
passive consumer of social media. But his most recent likes on Facebook skewed
heavily to conservative media, and a longtime online acquaintance said that Mr.
Bush’s tweets – which had long been peppered with infrequent casual racism –
became more and more vitriolic over the course of the 2016 election.
There was no organization behind these attacks. The three suspects most
likely never met or interacted with one another. This is the new shape of extremism:
self-directed, internet-inflamed terrorists.
Radicalization might start with casual conversations among video gamers.
What begins with a few racist slurs may lead to exposure to overt white supremacist
propaganda. A seemingly innocuous YouTube channel may recommend other,
more inflammatory channels, which in turn may recommend ever more extremist
content – a network identified by the Data & Society Research Institute as the
Alternative Influence Network.
We already know how dangerous this cycle of radicalization can be, because
similar mechanisms have fed Islamist terrorism in recent years. Anwar al-Awlaki,
the cleric who communicated with the 2009 Fort Hood shooter and coached a young
man to try to blow up an airliner over Detroit, left a digital footprint that survived on
YouTube for years after his assassination by an American drone strike in Yemen.
Videos of his sermons, even anodyne history lectures or self-help coaching, were
always popular, thanks to his pleasant voice and serious demeanor. Now they also
have a martyr’s allure.
If a viewer clicked on the cleric’s earlier, gentler, talks, YouTube’s algorithms
would point the viewer to one of his later sermons, like one describing why it’s a
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
Muslim’s duty to kill Americans. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, one of the two Boston Marathon
bombers, tweeted approvingly about Mr. Awlaki’s lectures. Chérif Kouachi, one of
shooters who killed 12 people at the Paris offices of the magazine Charlie Hebdo
in 2015, name-dropped Mr. Awlaki in a phone interview with a reporter before
being shot by police. In death, as in life, Anwar al-Awlaki’s words inspired lonely,
disturbed, or disaffected young men to kill.
By 2017, YouTube began to rethink its policies, and now all of Mr. Awlaki’s
material – unless presented as news commentary or in a critical context – is
banned from the platform. Facebook has long banned all of Mr. Awlaki’s videos.
Both avow a commitment to combat hate speech, extremism and misinformation.
But platforms have been more tentative in dealing with the kind of right-wing
extremism that focuses on white supremacy. Although organizations like the AntiDefamation League and the Center for Strategic and International Studies provide
information about these groups, official government sources are still crucial if there
is to be an effective crackdown. Vast federal resources, for example, went into
identifying the networks around Mr. Awlaki, who has been on a designated terrorist
list since 2010.
But the government does not officially designate domestic terrorist
organizations. The Trump administration has reduced or eliminated modest
programs begun under President Barack Obama to counter violent extremism and
deter recruitment, including among white supremacists. Mr. Trump has focused on
Islamic extremism to the exclusion of other threats. Federal agencies do not even
have common definitions of “domestic terrorist” and “domestic terrorism.”
Tech companies often draw on government lists to police their platforms
for violent extremism. YouTube, for example, has long prohibited designated
terrorists from having their own channels. For years, Facebook has banned the
praise or support of organizations deemed dangerous or violent – a list at least
partly informed by governments. (Facebook claims that it does not heavily rely
on government lists.) Both platforms, along with Twitter and other technology
companies, use a shared database of terrorist content – coordinated through the
nonprofit Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism – to help take down extremist
content faster. What the forum is capable of identifying is informed by what kind of
information official organizations have about extremism.
While international terrorism has been the target of considerable attention
and national resources, the threat from domestic terrorism has grown. Domestic
terrorist attacks have been on the rise since 2008, and in 2017 alone there was a
57 percent increase in anti-Semitic incidents.
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Unit 12. The New Radicalization of the Internet
Past decades saw violence by left-wing groups, environmental extremists and
black nationalists, but while attacks from those groups have fallen dramatically,
violence from the right has risen. Right-wing extremists in the United States,
particularly white supremacists, have been responsible for the vast majority of at
least 387 domestic terrorist murders in the last decade. Last year, 20 of the 34
terrorist murders in the United States were connected to right-wing extremism.
These are statistics compiled by the Anti-Defamation League’s Center on
Extremism, the most authoritative source for documenting the phenomenon, since
the government doesn’t even keep good track of the danger. During the Obama
years, conservative media manufactured a controversy over a 2009 Department
of Homeland Security report about right-wing extremism, claiming politicized
oppression. Under pressure from Republican lawmakers, Janet Napolitano, then
the homeland security secretary, rescinded the report, and her department rolled
back its work on violent right-wing extremism.
So the tech industry’s failings are not it’s alone. (Of course, Facebook’s
dragging its heels and downplaying the extent of Russian influence on its platform
does not give rise to optimism that the industry is doing its best.) The complex
interplay of terrorism, propaganda and technology requires a concerted response
by government and business. Private corporations should not be put in the position
of trying to thwart extremism with help from only a handful of nonprofit groups.
Major platforms are applying machine learning and other techniques to remove
noxious content, but what good is the most sophisticated artificial intelligence when
the actual intelligence that feeds it is inadequate and skewed by biases in American
society?
These biases are reflected in government lists, in policy decisions by tech
companies and in the enforcement of those policies by moderators. Yet it’s quite
clear that while the core philosophies of white supremacists and jihadists differ,
their recruitment strategies and propaganda efforts are frequently similar.
Will Fears, who was arrested at a Gainesville, Fla., rally in support of the alt-right
personality Richard Spencer, compared himself to the Boston Marathon bombers,
the Tsarnaev brothers, in an interview with The New York Times Magazine. “Maybe
he saw a lot of things in the world that bothered him and just didn’t know how to
deal with it,” Mr. Fears said of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the young man who so loved
Anwar al-Awlaki’s lectures. “I can sort of relate to that.” [63]
The New York Times
November 24, 2018
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Right-wing, murderous rampage, imminent, racial/ethnic supremacy, suspicion,
network of ideologies, conspiracy theories, coherent strategy, to exacerbate, to
underpin, skew, vitriolic, innocuous, sermons, anodyne, demeanor, tentative,
crackdown, domestic terrorism, rescind, noxious content.
2. Read the article again and fill the gaps with appropriate words.
1) / Antiglobalism, racial or ethnic …………………., nationalism,
…………………. of the federal government/
2) / these are all …………………. of this network of ideologies/
3) / the nation still lacks a …………………. strategy for …………………. the
violent extremism/
4) / which had long been …………………. with ………………….casual racism/
5) The algorithms that …………………. these networks also promote
…………………. content/
6) Instead, the fundamental design of social media sometimes exacerbates
the problem.
7) /a social network established to harbor speech censored by mainstream
platforms/
8) But his most recent likes on Facebook skewed heavily to conservative
media/
3. Fill the gaps with the missing prepositions in the following wordings.
1) accused … sending mail bombs
2) violence … support … the belief that
3) obsessions … individual liberty
4) shot through … conspiracy theories
5) the body count … this fanaticism grows
6) rush … engagement
7) … a feedback loop
8) dynamic plays … around the globe
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Unit 12. The New Radicalization of the Internet
9) I can’t sit … and watch my people get slaughtered
10) If a viewer clicked … the cleric’s earlier
4. Explain and expand on the following sentences from the text.
1) Social media has played a key role in the recent rise of violent right-wing
extremism in the United States.
2) While the motivations of violent actors may be different, the paths they
travel toward violence are similar.
3) This is the new shape of extremism: self-directed, internet-inflamed terrorists.
4) A seemingly innocuous YouTube channel may recommend other, more
inflammatory channels, which in turn may recommend ever more extremist
content.
5) Tech companies often draw on government lists to police their platforms for
violent extremism.
6) While international terrorism has been the target of considerable attention
and national resources, the threat from domestic terrorism has grown.
7) Major platforms are applying machine learning and other techniques to
remove noxious content.
5. Look for words and expressions in the article which are suitable for the following
explanations.
1) a period of violent and uncontrollable behavior, typically involving a large
group of people
2) about to happen
3) the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or
status because of the ethnicity
4) make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse
5) a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of
other substances including epinephrine
6) an indiscriminate and brutal killing of people
7) an advocate of the supremacy of a particular group, especially one
determined by race or sex
8) harmful, poisonous content
6. Write a summary of the article.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
7. Translate the text into English.
Kompras: Борьба с радикализмом в академической среде Индонезии
Число студентов всех уровней образования, приверженных идеологии
радикализма и терроризма в Индонезии, довольно велико.
Джоко Видодо делает упор на сотрудничество с исламскими организаци-
ями, по сообщению Kompas.
Президент Индонезии Джоко Видодо подчеркнул, что искоренение радикализма и терроризма в академической среде является не только основной задачей государственных учреждений, таких как министерство технологических
исследований и высшего образования, Национальное агентство по борьбе с
терроризмом, полиция или Вооруженные силы Индонезии, пишет Кompas.
За борьбу с терроризмом и радикализмом в академической среде также
несут ответственность общественные организации, особенно те, которые основаны на исламе, считает он.
«Процесс дерадикализации теперь начинает осуществляться не только в
правительстве, например, в Национальном агентстве по борьбе с терроризмом для предотвращения или принятия мер, а также в полиции и Вооруженных силах Индонезии. Но важно то, что, например, Совет улемов Индонезии
также сыграл свою роль, как и крупное мусульманское объединение Нахдатул Улама или Мухаммадия», – заявил Джоко Видодо в кулуарах рабочего
визита на Западную Яву 7 июня.
Основываясь на сообщениях, полученных президентом Джоко Видодо,
число студентов всех уровней образования, приверженных идеологии радикализма и терроризма в Индонезии, довольно велико. Более того, появление
идеологии терроризма и радикализма в академической среде не произошло
внезапно. Это происходит уже давно.
«Этот радикализм не возникает внезапно. Это долгий процесс, а не внезапный, не так ли», – сообщил Джоко Видодо.
Государственными усилиями совместно с сообществом необходимо прекратить развитие деятельности подобных групп. «Действительно, если мы
посмотрим на обнародованные данные (идеология радикализма и терроризма), это число очень тревожит. Это то, что мы будем продолжать делать», –
продолжил президент [10].
ИА REGNUM
7 июня, 2018 г.
78
Unit
13
Read and translate the article
There are now more than 300,000 people living homeless in Britain
A new report by Shelter shows Britain’s homelessness crisis is
deepening – 320,000 people were homeless in Britain at the end of
March this year, an increase of 13,000 people in just nine months
by Adrian Lobb
A new report by homelessness charity Shelter has outlined the scale of the
homelessness crisis in Britain.
According to the latest official data, 320,000 people were homeless in Britain
at the end of March this year, an increase of four per cent – or 13,000 people – in
just nine months. That adds up to 47 people becoming homeless each day.
The report, Homelessness in Great Britain – The Numbers Behind the Story
shows the government is not getting to grips with the homelessness crisis.
The detailed report uses the latest figures from the Ministry of Housing,
Communities and Local Government. It compiles the latest statistics of people are
homeless and living in temporary accommodation, rough sleeping, in hostels or
being temporarily housed under the Children’s Act.
“Record numbers of people are sleeping on the streets or stuck in the cramped
confines of a hostel room”
The report also shows the rate of increase in homelessness is highest in the
West Midlands, where homelessness has increased by 12 per cent. Yorkshire and
Humber, and the North West of England, also saw increases in excess of ten per
cent.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
Chief Executive of Shelter, Polly Neate, said: “These new figures show that
homelessness is having a devastating impact on the lives of people right across
the country.
“Due to the perfect storm of spiralling rents, welfare cuts and a total lack of
social housing, record numbers of people are sleeping out on the streets or stuck
in the cramped confines of a hostel room.
“We desperately need action now to change tomorrow for the hundreds of
thousands whose lives will be blighted by homelessness this winter.”
The report suggests a range of drivers for this latest increase in homelessness.
“The causes are multi-faceted and complex, but certainly include lack of supply
of decent affordable housing, lack of protection for private renters and freezes and
cuts to welfare payments,” said Shelter.
And according to Shelter’s summary, this does not even cover the full extent of
the homelessness crisis in this country.
“We do not seek to assess how many people are sofa-surfing or experiencing
other non-officially recorded types of homelessness, so our results will always be
to some degree the tip of the iceberg.”
With another harsh winter on its way, and rough sleeping up 169 per cent in
England in the years 2010–2017, these figures outlines the need for urgent action.
The Big Issue asked leaders including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Welsh
First Minister Carwyn Jones and Secretary of State for Communities James
Brokenshire to outline their plans to prevent homeless people dying on our streets
this winter.
Brokenshire told us: “This summer, I set out a wide-ranging plan to end rough
sleeping by 2027 – backed by £100m – to help those on the streets get swift,
targeted help.”
But austerity continues to bite, hampering efforts to get to grips with the crisis.
For while the Homelessness Reduction Act requires local authorities to take
“all reasonable steps” to prevent people becoming homeless, there is a huge
shortfall in funding to fulfill these obligations.
As charities and local organisations battle the fallout from cuts to local support
services, the homelessness crisis shows no sign of ending. [31]
Adrian Lobb
The Big Issue
November 22, 2018
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