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Файл:Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации. Учебное пособие
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Unit 17. After years of debate, L.A. legalizes sidewalk vending: ‘This means freedom’
лучить разрешение городского департамента здравоохранения и сертификат
Food Cart. Такие лицензии действуют только в определенных районах города
и могут быть сезонными. Каждый год между подавшими заявки распределяется с помощью лотереи 1 тыс. сезонных лицензий, действующих с октября
по апрель. Общее число лицензий на торговлю продуктами питания не ограничено. При этом на весь город может быть выдано только 853 разрешения
на мелкорозничную торговлю другими товарами, например ювелирными изделиями, часами или игрушками. В листе ожидания на их получение находятся тысячи предпринимателей.
В Лондоне работает аналогичная система. Для мелкорозничной торговли
алкоголем, едой и напитками на улицах или с передвижных фургонов необходимы лицензия или сертификат. Регулированием в данной сфере занимаются муниципальные советы. Например, в районе Хиллингдон с 26 февраля
2010 года вступили в силу новые правила уличной торговли. В документе
определены конкретные улицы, где можно торговать, условия получения
лицензий и ведения деятельности. Любопытно, что правила не распространяются на торговлю, осуществляемую на земле, принадлежащей частным
владельцам. Отдельные ограничения введены для некоторых видов бизнеса. Например, фургонам, продающим мороженое, запрещено располагаться
ближе 65 м от детских учреждений [8].
Зайцев Вадим.
Коммерсантъ
15.11.2010
111
Unit
18
Read and translate the article
California must fix fatal flaws in wildfire warning and evacuation plans,
experts tell lawmakers
By Patrick McGreevy
The deadly Camp fire that destroyed the Northern California town of Paradise
this month overwhelmed emergency alert and evacuation plans, leaving many
residents in harm’s way without sufficient warning, state officials acknowledged
Tuesday at a legislative hearing.
Because the Paradise area, where officials say at least 88 people died
in the blaze, was known for being prone to wildfires, it has been the subject
of extensive planning for warnings and evacuations, said Thom Porter, chief
of strategic planning for the California Department of Forestry and Fire
Protection. But he said the unusual speed of the Camp fire hindered an
adequate evacuation.
“They are areas where we have had bad fires,” Porter said. “We know there
are road system issues.”
The Camp fire, he said, “outstripped our planning efforts in sheer time.”
Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Yuba City), who represents Paradise and
the surrounding communities in Butte County, said the fire highlighted serious
flaws in the state’s warning system.
“In the end, we had people who said they had no notice,” he said in a written
statement read at the hearing held jointly by Assembly and Senate committees in
Carpinteria, close to the area hit by the Thomas fire, which swept through parts of
Santa Barbara County nearly a year ago.
The state needs to do a better job of getting warnings to residents through
cellphones, broadcast outlets and the internet, said experts and legislators
112
Unit 18. California must fix fatal flaws in wildfire warning and evacuation plans, experts tell lawmakers
including Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson (D-Santa Barbara), chairwoman of the Joint
Legislative Committee on Emergency Management.
Jackson said a cellphone warning she received during the Thomas fire did
not provide her with essential information about the blaze’s location. She voiced
concern that only 45 of California’s 58 counties have signed on to a wireless
emergency alert system that is tied to a federal warning program that transmits
communications through cellphones and broadcasters when wildfires start.
“Their communities are going to be pretty upset if they don’t get the kinds of
warnings that might be available,” Jackson told the emergency planners.
Experts said flaws in the current system included the need for more help to
warn and evacuate people who are elderly, disabled, do not speak English or who
have pets they want to take with them.
Sen. Henry Stern (D-Canoga Park), whose Malibu rental home was destroyed
by the Woolsey fire, said the urgent question for state officials was “how to get the
most accurate real-time data out there” to the public when a fire hits.
“There has to be a better way to engage,” he said.
Stern said the system was still vulnerable to problems including power and
cell service being lost in areas hit by fire. He called for the state to provide more
resilient power and cell services.
Local fire officials, including Santa Barbara County Emergency Manager Brian
Uhl, agreed the state needed to develop clear guidelines for when and how emergency
alert systems would be used to warn people to leave areas threatened by fire.
Under a bill approved by the Legislature in August, new guidelines on
coordinating and using emergency warnings must be developed by July 1, 2019.
A draft of the guidelines was due next month, but November’s fires are expected
to delay their release.
“We are very close to being able to push definitive guidelines,” said Mitch
Medigovich, deputy director of logistics management for the Governor’s Office of
Emergency Services.
In San Diego County, only 550,000 of 3.3 million residents have registered
their mobile phones to receive emergency warnings, according to Holly Crawford,
director of the county’s Office of Emergency Services.
“Getting people to opt into the system has not been as successful as we would
like,” Jackson said. She wrote legislation recently signed into law that will allow each
county to automatically register residents to receive phone and email warnings
unless they opt out, but counties are still developing guidelines to implement the
opt-out system.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
Crawford also said targeting of emergency alerts has not been efficient,
noting an alert she sent to people in San Diego also went to people in Orange and
Riverside counties.
“There is mass over-alerting in the system,” she told the panel, adding that
new technology will better target alerts and allow longer messages.
Firefighters on the front lines have also faced difficulty in communicating with
radio and mobile phones, fire experts said.
They said state funding for improving 911 systems is inadequate. A bill
championed by Gov. Jerry Brown to impose a new customer fee on phone lines to
boost emergency services failed to advance in the Legislature this year.
Medigovich told lawmakers those efforts were the victim of “partisan politics
during the election year.” [46]
Patrick McGreevy
Los Angeles Times
November 27, 2018
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Fatal flaws, to overwhelm, legislative hearing, being prone, to hinder, to
outstrip, surrounding communities, Emergency Management, broadcaster,
resilient, guideline, to delay, be efficient, to impose, to advance, victim.
2. Fill the gaps with the missing prepositions in the following wordings.
1) system included the need … more help to warn
2) to do a better job … getting warnings to residents
3) acknowledged Tuesday … a legislative hearing
4) signed … to a wireless emergency alert system
5) did not provide her … essential information … the blaze’s location
6) to get the most accurate real-time data … there
7) new guidelines … coordinating and using emergency warnings
8) to receive phone and email warnings unless they opt …
9) faced difficulty in communicating … radio and mobile phones
10) a new customer fee … phone lines
114
Unit 18. California must fix fatal flaws in wildfire warning and evacuation plans, experts tell lawmakers
3. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.
emergency alert, evacuation plan, legislative hearing, planning efforts,
broadcast outlets, emergency services.
4. Explain the difference in meaning or usage of the following words and make
your own sentences with these words.
shocked – dazed – overwhelmed – bemused – taken aback
broadcast – transmission – transfer – distribution – programme – screening
give – provide – grant – allow – furnish – lend
service – maintenance – handling – attendance
5. Write a summary of the article.
6. Render the following into English.
Пожары в Калифорнии: число пропавших без вести превысило 600
631 человек числится пропавшими без вести из-за лесных пожаров на
севере Калифорнии. За сутки список без вести пропавших увеличился вдвое.
Число погибших достигло 66 человек, сообщают местные власти.
Сгорело 12 тысяч зданий. От пожара Кэмп на севере штата погибли 63
человека, еще трое – от пожара Вулси на юге.
Президент США Дональд Трамп, как ожидается, в субботу прилетит в
Калифорнию, чтобы оценить масштаб бедствия и встретиться с пострадавшими.
В тушении пожаров сейчас задействованы 9,4 тысячи пожарных. Пожар
Кэмп, который начался восемь дней назад, быстро распространился по северу штата из-за ветра. У жителей оставалось совсем мало времени на то,
чтобы спастись.
Почему удвоилось число пропавших
Официальный список пропавших без вести в четверг увеличился с 300
до 631 человека. Как объяснил на пресс-конференции шериф округа Бьютт
Кори Хонеа, участникам поисковых отрядов удалось обработать и перепроверить всю поступившую к ним с 8 ноября информацию.
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
«Я хочу, чтобы вы понимали: мы работали в условиях исключительного
хаоса», – сказал он.
По словам шерифа, число пропавших, скорее всего, будет колебаться.
«Если вы увидите в списке себя, своих знакомых или близких, пожалуйста,
сообщите нам об этом», – добавил Хонеа.
Как идет тушение пожаров
По данным калифорнийских властей, сейчас пожары локализованы на
40%. Чиновники говорят, что рассчитывают полностью локализовать пожары, площадь которых уже увеличилась до 56 тысяч гектаров, не раньше начала декабря.
Сильнее всего пострадал город Парадайс – по оценке властей, его нужно
перестраивать полностью, и это займет годы.
Поисками человеческих останков наряду со спасателями занимаются военные. Чиновники предупреждают, что поисковая операция может затянуться на несколько недель.
Почему начались пожары
Пока у властей нет ответа на вопрос, что стало причиной пожаров, но
расследование продолжается.
Несколько человек уже подали иски к местной электросетевой компании – они считают, что пожар Кэмп начался из-за аварии на линии электропередач.
Как правило, в Калифорнии сезон лесных пожаров продолжался с лета
до начала осени, но эксперты указывают, что теперь такой риск имеет место
круглый год.
Причина в низкой влажности, теплых ветрах и высохшей из-за длительного отсутствия дождей почве [36].
BBC News – Русская служба
16 ноября 2018
116
Unit
19
Read and translate the article
How language problems bedevil the response to crises
Sitting on a muddy floor beneath a tarpaulin roof, Nabila, a 19-year-old
Bangladeshi, fiddles with her shoelaces as she listens to Tosmida, a Rohingya
woman in her mid–30s. Both are crying. Nabila, a student-turned-interpreter, says
awkwardly: “She had it from all of them in her secret place.”
The struggle to tell the story of Tosmida’s gang-rape is not just an emotional but
a linguistic one. Since some 700,000 Rohingyas escaped persecution in Myanmar
and fled to Bangladesh over a year ago, many Bangladeshis like Nabila have
suddenly found themselves with new jobs, as interpreters. Tosmida’s Rohingya
and Nabila’s Chittagonian are related but not identical. Interpreters, quickly trained,
must try their best to understand another language, and fill in the gaps left by
cultural differences – including taboos about what victims can say.
The biggest practical issues concern health, says A.K. Rahim, a linguistics
researcher working with Translators Without Borders (TWB), a group that helps
humanitarian agencies. In Chittagonian, health terms come from Bengali and
English; scientific knowledge and vocabulary have trickled down from educated
elites. But among the relatively few educated Rohingyas, health terms come from
Burmese. Most – especially women, who tend to be cut off from the outside world
and denied education – have not been touched by that learning. Instead they
have developed their own lexicon. They avoid haiz (menstruation) and say gusol
(shower). Diarrhoea, a common camp ailment, was routinely misdiagnosed in the
first few months. Many Rohingyas reported, “My body is falling apart” (“Gaa-lamani
biaram”), baffling health-care workers.
Sex is the trickiest minefield. In the Rohingyas’ conservative Muslim culture,
women are not supposed to talk about sex or their bodies at all. They employ
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
euphemisms, using different words to describe sex permissible by religion, or
illegal sex and sex out of wedlock. Most of these terms are deliberately vague;
they refer to “shameful spaces” and “secret places”. For rape, they might use a
word that means forceful torture. This has legal consequences. “I cannot imagine a
Rohingya woman standing up in court and saying, ‘I was raped’,” says Mr. Rahim.
Interpreters must be cautioned not to fill in gaps or encourage their subjects to say
particular things; that could weaken a prosecution.
These problems are far from unique to the Rohingyas. Ellie Kemp of TWB
adduces the situation in north-eastern Nigeria. For many of the women there, the
word for “widow” is taboo. Instead they must be asked: “Do you have a husband?
Did you have one? Is he dead now?”
Ms Kemp says crisis-responders often don’t know what language expertise
they will need. They hire “local” workers, assuming that is enough. In Nigeria,
these might be educated people who speak only English and Hausa, one of the
country’s biggest languages. But Hausa may be of little use in Borno state, where
the insurgency of Boko Haram rages. If aid workers are lucky, they may find people
who know Kanuri, a kind of lingua franca in Borno. But even that might not help in
a state where 28 languages are spoken.
Higher-status people – often powerful men – may know several languages and
act as a bridge. But aid workers are typically trying to reach the most vulnerable.
Ms Kemp notes that in the last Ebola outbreak in West Africa, women were affected
worst, because most international advice on prevention came in English and
French, which they were less likely to speak.
Some of these problems are intractable. But some are not. Downloadable
glossaries (say, between a national and a regional language) can help an aid worker
with a smartphone render technical terms in a way locals will understand. In future,
automated translation tools such as Google Translate might extend to lesser-known
languages. That will be difficult: translation software must be trained with a lot of
parallel text that has already been translated by humans. So TWB is giving some
of its language data to companies such as Google and Microsoft for that purpose.
Outsiders often think an alien language has “no word for” a concept that is taken
for granted in English. These problems are better thought of as cultural rather than
linguistic: the words exist, but it is vital to have interpreters who know which can be
used and when. In a crisis, aid agencies must work quickly; often they can spare
their staff for only a day or two’s language training. That is time well spent. [52]
The Economist
November 15, 2018
118
Unit 19. How language problems bedevil the response to crises
Vocabulary Practice
1. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases from the article.
Bedevil, muddy floor, tarpaulin roof, to fiddle, shoelaces, awkward, persecution,
trickle down, deny, ailment, baffling, wedlock, vague, torture, widow, insurgency,
vulnerable, intractable.
2. Read the article again and fill the gaps with appropriate words.
1) /fill in the gaps left by cultural …………… – including taboos about what
victims can say.
2) /a common camp ……………, was …………… misdiagnosed in the first
few months.
3) /……………knowledge and vocabulary have …………… down from
educated elites.
4) /especially women, who …………… to be cut off from the outside world
and …………… education/
5) / aid workers are typically …………… to reach the most …………….
6) For ……………, they might use a word that means …………… torture.
7) /using different words to describe sex …………… by religion.
8) These …………… are better thought of as cultural rather than ……………/
3. Consult the dictionary and learn the derivatives of the following words.
Emotion, persecute, sudden, research, human, science, educate, diagnose,
employ, shame, force, power.
4. Comment on the following quotations.
“Facing a language you don’t know is like returning to your infancy when your
mother tongue used to be a foreign language to you.”
Munia Khan
“Without language you can’t feel that you have a legitimate, respected
presence. You are without a voice, without power.”
Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words
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Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов из средств массовой информации
“Language is a tool for communicating and not a barrier to writing”
Bernard Kelvin Clive
“There is a language barrier between vets and the civilian population. They
speak different languages.”
George W. Bush
“When all is said and done, more is said than done.”
Aesop
“Words are the physicians of the mind diseased.”
Aeschylus
“It’s not what you tell them…it’s what they hear.”
Red Auerbach
5. Give а summary of the arguments on how language problems bedevil the
response to crises.
6. Translate the text into English.
Языковой барьер оказался актуальным врагом науки
Британские ученые показали, что языковой барьер по-прежнему мешает
развитию науки, поскольку более трети современных исследований публикуется не на английском языке. Результаты работы представлены в журнале
PLOS Biology.
Для удобства общения между представителями разных этносов используются языки мирового значения. К ним относится, например, английский –
лингва франка в международной политике и в науке. Так, научные статьи вне
зависимости от этнической принадлежности авторов сейчас принято переводить и публиковать именно на английском языке. Однако ряд материалов
по-прежнему публикуется на языке оригинала, а некоторые ученые не знают
английского языка.
Чтобы оценить частоту таких публикаций, исследователи из Кембриджского университета проанализировали более 75 тысяч документов с помощью Академии Google. Сбор статей носил произвольный характер, однако
все они были датированы 2014 годом. Результаты показали, что 35,6 процента, или порядка 26,7 тысячи, документов были написаны не на английском
языке. В 13 тысячах статей на другом языке были также сформулированы
заголовок и основные тезисы.
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