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Файл:Иностранный язык в правоведении. Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для магистратуры
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nuisance – 1) помеха, неудобство,
нарушение покоя; 2) вред,
«зловредность» (например, причинение
собственнику недвижимости помех в
пользовании ею); 3) источник вреда
trespass – противоправное нарушение
владения с причинением вреда
defamation – клевета, дискредитация
deceit – обман, намеренное введение в
заблуждение
6. commercial law – торговое право
sale of goods – 1) продажа товаров,
2) закон о правах покупателей и
продавцов
supply of services – продажа и
предоставление услуг
hire purchase – покупка или продажа в
рассрочку
insurance – страхование
consumer–credit – потребительский
кредит
carriage of goods – перевозка товаров
7. company law – акционерное,
корпоративное право
business entity – предприятие
outside parties – сторонние участники
(лица, не являющиеся работниками
предприятия)
8. labour law – трудовое право
employment law – зд. трудовое право,
закрепляющее основные права и
отношения работников
unfair dismissal – несправедливое
увольнение
redundancy payment – пособие при
увольнении в связи с сокращением
industrial law – производственное право,
закон о внутрипроизводственных
отношениях
industrial action – зд. забастовочное
движение
trade unions – профессиональные союзы
9. guardianship – опека
to have acquaintance with –
познакомиться с…
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы
1. Although most nonprofessionals’ perception of law is associated with
criminal acts, in fact the greater part of our law is civil law. For the most part civil
law is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals (including legal
individuals such as limited liability companies) as between themselves.
2. Civil actions may be initiated by any person who seeks compensation for
some loss, which he or she has suffered. If this person called the plaintiff is
successful he will usually be awarded damages. The damages must be paid by the
other side of a dispute called the defendant. The purpose of such actions is to
compensate the plaintiff for his loss rather than to punish the defendant.
3. Among civil law branches there is a whole range of branches such as Law of
Contracts, Law of Torts, Law of Trusts, Commercial Law, Company Law, Land
Law, Labour (or Employment) Law, Property law, Family law, Probate Law,
Civil Rights law, Media Law, Education law, Consumer Protection Law,
Environmental law, etc.
4. The main areas of civil law are:
Law of contract. This is concerned with the enforcement of promises, usually in
the form of agreements. Such agreements may be formal written agreements or
informal oral agreements, or even agreements to be implied from conduct.
81
5. Law of tort. A tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract or a
a)
individuals
1) private…
а) права и обязанности лиц
2) legal…
б) лица, не являющиеся профессиональными
юристами
3) non-professional…
в) юридические лица
4) rights and duties
of…
г) частные (физические) лица
b)
damage(s)
1) …for loss
а) возместить ущерб (выплатить компенсацию)
2) to pay…
б) получить компенсацию за ущерб
3) to seek for…
в) компенсировать ущерб
4) to be awarded…
г) компенсация за убытки (потери)
5) to compensate…
д) понести ущерб
6) to suffer…
е) требовать возмещения ущерба
breach of trust (both of which are civil wrongs but are not torts), which may be
remedied by an action for damages. Unlike contract the duty which is breached in
committing a tort is fixed by the law, whereas the duty which is breached in
committing a breach of contract is a duty undertaken voluntarily as a result of a
promise to the other party. There are quite a number of individual torts: e.g.
negligence, nuisance, trespass (to persons, to goods, or to the land), defamation,
and deceit.
6. Commercial law. This law comprises the rules relating to specific types of
contracts such as sale of goods, supply of services, hire purchase, insurance,
consumer credit, carriage of goods, etc.
7. Company law. This is the field of law concerning companies, corporations,
partnerships and other business organizations. It also specifies the relationship
between a business entity and outside parties who commercially interact with it.
8. Labour law. This can be divided into two parts. First, there is employment
law - the part which regulates individual employment rights, for example, the rules
relating to unfair dismissal, the right to redundancy payment, equal payments,
etc. Secondly, there is industrial law - the part which relates to collective activity,
for example, the law relating to industrial action, admission to and expulsion
from trade unions, etc. Some employment law, particularly in the area of health
and safety, is criminal law.
9. Family law includes legal rules relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship,
adoption of children and other matrimonial matters.
Let us have a more detailed acquaintance with 2 principal branches of civil law in
the next text: law of torts and contract law.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите составленные
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
82
Mind that the term “damages” means компенсация, возмещение ущерба;
с)
agreements
1) enforcement of…
a) соглашения в устной форме
2) formal…
б) приведение соглашений в действие
3 ) written…
в) подразумеваемый договор (признается
законом на основании поведения и намерений
сторон)
4) oral…
г) договор в письменной форме
5)…to be implied from
conduct
д ) официальный договор (соглашение)
d)
actions
1) civil…
a) цель, предназначение некоторых действий
2) the purpose of…
б) гражданские процессы (тяжбы), иски
3) … for damages
в) иски в целях возмещения ущерба
e)
law
1)…of torts
a) наследственное право
2)…of trusts
б) деликтное право
3) probate…
в) закон о защите интересов потребителей
4) Media…
г) доверительное право
5)Consumer
protection…
д) право массовых коммуникаций
Law of contract
regulates individual employment rights, for example, the rules relating
to unfair dismissal, the right to redundancy payment, equal payments,
etc.
Law of tort
relates to collective activity, for example, the law relating to industrial
action, admission to and expulsion from trade unions, etc.
Commercial
law
is concerned with the enforcement of promises, usually in the form of
agreements.
Company law
includes legal rules relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship,
adoption of children and other matrimonial matters.
Labour law
(employment
law)
is the field of law concerning companies, corporations, partnerships
and other business organizations, specifying the relationship between a
business entity and outside parties who commercially interact with it.
Labour law
(industrial law)
determines when and why a person is obliged to pay compensation for
injuries that he or she inflicts on others; defines duties which are
breached in committing a wrongful act under the law.
Family law
comprises the rules relating to specific types of contract such as sale of
goods, supply of services, hire purchase, insurance, consumer credit,
carriage of goods, etc.
while “damage” means ущерб.
2. Соотнесите названия отраслей права с определениями указанных отраслей,
переведите на русский язык получившиеся предложения:
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READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Начните
ответ с одного из следующих выражений:
а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;
б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind, because …”,
“Surely not as…”;
в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I’m not quite sure
about it but I can say that …”, “That’s hard to say but I think that …”
1. It’s quite natural that for most non-professionals law is associated with
criminal acts.
2. The main purpose of civil law is to punish the defendant.
3. Civil wrongs (torts) and breaches of contracts are synonymous notions.
4. It’s quite difficult to distinguish torts from breaches of contracts.
5. Company law and industrial law are parts of one legal branch – labour law.
2. Ответьте на вопросы. Постарайтесь отвечать в опоре на активную
лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1. What does civil law mainly deal with?
2. Who can initiate civil actions?
3. What are parties of the civil dispute?
4. What is the main purpose of civil actions?
5. In what cases are damages awarded? Whom are they usually paid by?
6. Name main branches of civil law.
7. What is the law of contract concerned with?
8. What is a tort? What types of torts can you name?
9. What does commercial law deal with?
10. Name two parts of labour law. What are main differences between them.
11. What kinds of issues does family law consider?
3. Напишите короткое резюме на тему: «Особенности гражданского
права как отрасли», отметив следующее:
definition of civil law as a legal branch
main objectives of its operation
main branches in the sphere of civil law
84
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
individuals
legal individuals
rights and duties of individuals
loss
to suffer loss
to compensate for the loss
damage
damages
to award damages
an action for damages
civil action
a plaintiff (a claimant)
a defendant
the law of contract
the law of tort
commercial law
company law
labour law:
employment law
industrial law
family law
PART II
LAW OF TORTS
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. to be treated – рассматриваться
intention – умысел, намерение
recklessness – грубая неосторожность,
преступная халатность, небрежность
2. legal consequences – правовые
последствия
a wronged person – пострадавшее лицо
3. to give rise to an action – дать
основание для иска, начать действия по
иску
to cause injury – причинить вред, ущерб
(часто телесный)
tortfeasor – правонарушитель
the standard of proof – принцип
доказывания
4. destination – предназначение
to sue – подать иск
claimant - истец
to get damages – получить компенсацию
to perform a contract – исполнить
договор
to restore the position – восстановить
изначальное состояние
defendant – ответчик
exemplary damages – убытки,
присуждаемые в порядке наказания
'vindictive' damages – штрафные убытки,
присуждаемые в порядке наказания
damages at risk – риск понести убытки,
ущерб
5. to be vicariously liable – нести
субститутивную ответственность
to be found liable – быть признанным
ответственным
6. types of torts – виды деликтов,
правонарушений
a core element – ключевой, центральный
элемент
to cause consequences – вызвать
последствия
7. to exercise sufficient care – принимать
надлежащие меры предосторожности
foreseeable harm – предсказуемый вред
to act negligently – вести себя небрежно,
неосторожно
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legal duty of care – обязанность
проявлять осторожность
prudent – предусмотрительный,
осмотрительный
8. negligence – небрежность, халатность,
неосторожность
the tort of assault – нападение (угроза
нападения)
false imprisonment – неправомерное
лишение свободы
conversion – растрата
trespass – противоправное нарушение
владения с причинением вреда
the title to property – право
собственности на имущество
the tort of nuisance 1) помеха,
неудобство, нарушение покоя; 2) вред,
«зловредность» (например, причинение
собственнику недвижимости помех в
пользовании ею); 3) источник вреда
enjoyment of property – обладание
правом собственности
defamation – клевета, дискредитация
intimidation – запугивание, устрашение,
шантаж
conspiracy – соучастие, сговор
passing off – введение в заблуждение
относительно принадлежности
предприятия; коммерция под чужим
именем
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
1. In everyday life there are many instances of harmful behaviour which
neither reaches the level of a crime (and therefore will not be prosecuted by the
police) nor can it be treated as breach of contract because the victim had no
contract with the wrongdoer. Examples of such conduct include interference with a
person's property, damage to his honour or reputation, violation of his privacy or
physical attack on a person where no intention or recklessness can be shown.
These wrongs are called torts (Old French: 'harm, wrong') and are the subject of
tort law.
2. Tort is a wrong committed by one individual against another individual,
persons’ property or reputation. Or, if we focus on legal consequences that may
follow it, then tort is a wrongful act or omission for which damages can be
obtained in a civil court by the person wronged. Like crimes, torts may be
common-law or statutory, depending on their origin.
3. Many acts can be treated both as a tort and a crime. For example, dangerous
driving is a crime but it may give rise to an action in tort if it causes injury to
another person. In this case the crime will be prosecuted by agents of the state, but
the injured person may seek compensation from the tortfeasor (committer of the
tort) in a civil court by means of an action in tort. The standard of proof required
is lower than in many criminal prosecutions since for many torts it is not necessary
to show any particular mental element (the existence of guilt or intention).
4. Some acts can be treated both as a tort and a breach of contract. Let us take
the similar example with the given one in the previous passage: negligent driving
by a taxi-driver that causes injury to his passenger is both the tort of negligence
and breach of the contract to carry the passenger safely to his destination. The
passenger may sue either in tort or for breach of contract, or both. Normally it is
86
easier to sue for breach of contract than in the tort of negligence, but the former is
only possible when a contract exists. When the claimant has a choice, he will
decide which case is easier to prove and under which law he is likely to get larger
damages. In contract, the aim of damages is to put the claimant in the position that
he would have been in if the contract had been performed; in tort, damages are to
restore the position he would have been in if the tort had not occurred. In
exceptional cases in tort (but never in contract) the defendant's wrongdoings may
be punished by exemplary damages (also called 'punitive' or 'vindictive'
damages). They are given, for instance, when the defendant has deliberately
calculated that the profits to be made out of committing a tort may exceed the
damages at risk. In such cases, exemplary damages are given to prove that 'tort
does not pay'.
5. Another difference between the law of tort and the law of contract is that in
contracts the rights of third parties are limited, whereas in tort anyone may sue or
be sued, even a child or a mentally sick person. It may even be possible to sue
against the employer of a person who commits a tort in the normal course of his
employment. This kind of liability for torts or crimes committed by another is
known as vicarious liability. Suing somebody who is vicariously liable may be
useful where the defendant is poor and one is seeking higher damages. (But even if
the employer is found liable, this does not necessarily relieve the employee of
liability).
6. Types of torts.
There are two chief categories of torts: intentional torts and torts resulting from
negligence. The core element in an intentional tort is an intent, or purpose, to
cause harm to another. The law provides that a person has intent if he or she
desires to cause some consequences by his or her act, or believes that the
consequences are substantially certain result from the act. Intentional torts fall into
two categories: torts against a person and torts against property.
7. Negligence refers to the failure of a person to exercise sufficient care in his
or her conduct. When a person’s conduct falls below the reasonable expectation of
society and causes foreseeable harm to another, the person has acted negligently.
A person can act negligently by doing something that a reasonable person would
not do or by failing to do something that a reasonable person would do. The law
does not require proofs that the person has some intent to cause harm.
8. To be more specific various torts protect a wide range of interests: the tort of
negligence protects an individual's person and property; the torts of assault and
false imprisonment - his personal freedom; the torts of conversion and trespass –
the title to property; the tort of nuisance - enjoyment of property; the tort of
defamation - a person's reputation; and the torts of intimidation, conspiracy and
passing off - various commercial interests.
87
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. conduct
a. tortfeasor
2. tort (4)
b. plaintiff
3. individual
c. recklessness
4. wrongdoer (2)
d. wrongful act
5. victim (2)
e. to get compensation
6. damages
f. a wrong
7. to obtain damages
g. to give rise to a legal action
8. negligence
h. offender
9. to sue
j. harmful act
10. claimant
k. to cause harm
11. to cause damage
l. the injured person
m. wrongdoing
n. compensation
o. a (private) person
p. behaviour
q. a wronged person
a)
damages
1) to obtain…
a) убытки, присуждаемые в порядке
наказания
2) the aim of…
б) получить компенсацию
3) exemplary…
в) риск понести определенные убытки
4) punitive…
г) цель назначения компенсации
5)…at risk
д) штрафные убытки
b)
tort
1) …law
a) умышленный, преднамеренный проступок
2)…does not pay
б) проступок по неосторожности
3) liability for..
в) проступок себя не оправдывает (нельзя
оправдывать)
4) to sue in…
г) деликтное право
5) intentional…
д) ответственность в случае проступка
6) negligent…
e) подать иск в случае проступка
1. Подберите синонимы терминов и терминологических выражений из
следующих колонок.
MIND: для терминов “tort, wrongdoer, victim” из правой колонки нужно
найти по несколько синонимов.
2. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите составленные
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
88
3. Соотнесите виды деликтов и предмет их регулирования (защиты).
1. torts of negligence
protect
a) persons’ reputation
2. torts of false imprisonment
b) private property
3. torts of trespass
c) commercial interests
4. tort of nuisance
d) personal freedom
5. torts of defamation
e) the title to property
6. torts of intimidation
f) enjoyment of property
7. torts of assault
8. torts of passing off
Составьте предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Ответьте на вопросы, постарайтесь отвечать в опоре на
активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1. What kinds of wrongful acts are called to be torts?
2. Name main features of torts.
3. In what way can torts be distinguished from crimes?
4. What could a person do if an act can be treated both as a tort and a breach of
contract?
5. Find main differences between a tort and a breach of contract.
6. What do exemplary damages mean? When are such damages awarded?
7. What is the attitude to third parties in the law of torts and in the law of
contracts?
8. What is an intentional tort?
9. Name 2 main categories of intentional torts.
10. What can you say about the tort of negligence?
11. Give examples of specific types of torts together with their purposes.
2. В опоре на содержание текста найдите основные различия и сходства
между деликтами и преступлениями, с одной стороны, и между
деликтами и нарушениями договоров, с другой стороны.
Начинайте свои высказывания речевыми оборотами:
I think…; To my mind…; In my opinion…; As a matter of fact…; As far as
I know…
Обсуждение можно провести по следующим пунктам:
Definition and main features (elements) of an offence
Consequences of offences
Legal remedies, including punishments for offences
Main purposes of punishments for offences
Attitude to the third (outside) parties
89
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
a tort
to commit a tort
a wronged person
an injured person
to cause injury
to be liable
to be found liable
liability
exemplary damages
punitive damages
intention
negligence
recklessness
to act negligently
to cause legal consequences
the tort of negligence
the tort of false imprisonment
the tort of conversion
the tort of trespass
the tort of nuisance
the tort of defamation
the tort of intimidation
the tort of conspiracy
the tort of passing off
PART III
LAW OF CONTACTS
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. legal rights and obligations – законные
права и обязательства
to enforce in court – вводить в действие
судебным решением (принудительно)
enforceable contract – договор, имеющий
юридическую силу, имеющий исковую
силу, который может быть осуществлен
принудительно в судебном порядке
to satisfy requirements – удовлетворять
требованиям
an offer м предложение
offeror – сторона, которая выступает с
предложением
offeree – сторона, к которой обращено
предложение
legally sufficient (valuable)
consideration – надлежащее встречное
(ценное) удовлетворение
donation – передача в дар
2. equation – формула, равенство
3. to be defined – определяться,
рассматриваться
definite intention – определенное, четкое
намерение
to reach an agreement – достичь
договоренности
specified terms – четко оговоренные
условия
to address – обратиться
to distinguish – разграничить, проводить
различие, выделять
invitations to treat – приглашение к
переговорам
advertisement – реклама
to reject – отклонять, отказаться от
4. to regard – считать, рассматривать
unconditional assent – безусловное
согласие
to introduce new terms – вынести на
рассмотрение новые условия
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