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3. Дайте определения следующих ключевых понятий текста на
английском языке в опоре на текст или объясните своими словами,
как вы их понимаете:
- legal system
- law ( in 3 different
meanings)
- codes
- statute books
- families of national legal
systems
- sources of law
- legislation (in different
meanings)
- law-making organ
- regulations
- primary legislation
- secondary legislation
- treaties
- vertical effect of laws
- horizontal effect of laws
- legal individuals
- binding decisions
- rulings
- the European Union
- the United Nations
- the UN Charter
- conventions
- by-laws
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Соотнесите предложенные ниже заголовки с частями текста.
Обоснуйте свои ответы, выделяя основные идеи каждой из частей
текста (доводы можно взять из текста):
1) Various types of EU legislation as fundamental sources of law
2) The way from rules to laws and then from laws to certain legal systems
3) UN legislation as an integral part of legal sources
4) Domestic legislation as one of the main sources of law
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) What form do obligatory legal rules usually take in different countries?
2) Under which principles are families of national legal systems classified?
3) What is the main source of law in the majority of countries nowadays?
4) Name basic forms of domestic legislation and their peculiarities (if there are
any)?
5) What does primary EU legislation include?
6) In what way can primary legislation be enforced?
7) Explain the difference between “horizontal” and “vertical” effects of
legislation.
8) What forms does secondary EU legislation have?
9) Name main peculiarities of each form of the secondary EU legislation.
10) What does European Convention on Human Rights enshrine? What is the
sense (need) of using this convention?
11
11) Name main legal papers passed by the UN. What can you say about each
of them?
3. Обоснуйте важность в ходе развития основных правовых систем
указанных ниже источников, доводы можно взять из текста или
привести собственные доводы. Начните свое высказывание с одной из
речевых моделей:
a) I think that … are important as….
b) To my mind… is an integral legal source because…
c) In my opinion… is one of the fundamental legal sources because…
Domestic legislation of the country
Legislation of the European Union
Legislation of the United Nations
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
law
by-laws
civil law
common law
sources of law
law-making organs
to pass laws
to apply laws
to enforce laws
legal
legal remedies
legally binding
legislative
to give legislative effect (force)
legislation
primary legislation
secondary legislation
to have horizontal effect
to have vertical effect
rules
regulations
court rulings
treaties
protocols
council decisions
conventions
charter
12
PART II
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. case law – прецедентное право (право
по вопросам судебной практики)
common law – англо-саксонская (общая)
система права
to be rooted – уходить «корнями», брать
свое начало
equity law – право справедливости
judicial review – судебный пересмотр;
судебный надзор; обзор судебной
практики
2. the hierarchical authority –
иерархическая система власти
inferior court – нижестоящие суды
to be obliged – быть обязанным
facts tried by the superior court – факты,
по которым вышестоящий суд принял
решение (рассмотрел)
circumstances – обстоятельства
stare decisis – лат. обязывающая сила
прецедентов, "стоять на решённом"
3. to spell out the principles – изложить
точно и детально, разъяснить принципы
4. custom – обычай (правовой)
to lose its significance – потерять свою
значимость
to be incorporated – вноситься в состав,
объединяться
5. to pertain – быть свойственным
a definite locality – определенная
местность
6. Canon Law – Каноническое право
to be influenced – попасть под влияние
imprisonment – тюремное заключение
a punishment for a crime – наказание за
преступление
solitary confinement – одиночное
заключение
contemplation – размышления, анализ
repentance – раскаяние
clerical courts – церковные суды
lay courts – светские суды (как контраст с
церковными)
probate – наследственный (вопрос
наследственного права)
matrimony – семейный (вопрос
семейного права)
to be confined to… – сводиться к,
ограничиваться
1. 3) Case law (court-made law, or judge-made law, or precedent law).
Precedents become one of the legal sources when cases decided by judges
(regarded as «precedents») become legally binding. This is rooted in English
common law and equity law (a system of laws that has been developed from
customs and from decisions made by judges, not created by Parliament). Courts
make laws in three ways: through the common law tradition (precedents), by
interpreting statutes (explaining the meaning of legal norms in cases of disputes),
and by judicial review (checking the constitutionality of all laws and government
actions).
2. The feature of such national systems (precedent systems) is the hierarchical
authority of the courts: an inferior court is obliged to follow a court of superior
authority if it decides upon facts similar to facts already tried by the superior
court. Besides, under the common law doctrine of precedent, a judge is required to
follow an earlier court decision when deciding a case with similar circumstances.
It is also sometimes called the doctrine of stare decisis, which means, “let the
decision stand.”
13
3. 4) Constitutions. Many scholars name as a separate source of law countries’
Constitutions that spell out the principles by which the government operates, set
forth the fundamental rights of citizens, define the principles under which
governments may pass laws, etc. In addition, the Constitution describes the
functions of the various branches and divisions of the national and local
governments.
4. 5) Custom as one of sources of law, though once important, has now lost its
significance for the present legal system. Such customs as monogamy, parental
rights, the right to use the seashore for navigation and fishing and most of the early
criminal laws are no longer regarded as a separate source of law because they have
either been incorporated in statutes or acts or have become a part of the precedent
law.
5. However, custom can be a separate source of law, though very rarely. In
order to be recognised by law, it must, first of all, be a local custom, pertaining
only to a definite locality, and it may be further limited to a class of persons
within that locality. The types of local customary rights, for example, that still exist
in Great Britain are a right of way, a right to indulge in sports and pastimes on a
village green, a right to dry fishing-nets on land within the parish. But customs
only exist in law when are formally recognised by the judicial decision.
6. 6) Canon Law. The growth of some legal systems was greatly influenced
by canon law, i.e. the law of the Roman Catholic Church. As an example, many
concepts of common law originated in the canon law: the nature of Christian
marriage and family rights, the nature of criminal law and its close association with
moral fault, imprisonment as a punishment for a crime (for it was believed that
solitary confinement could lead to contemplation and through it to repentance)
and so on. Although clerical and lay courts were separated from the very
beginning, the former continued to play an important role in areas of probate and
matrimony. Only in quite modern times (not earlier than in the 18-19th century),
the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts was confined to matters affecting church
members only.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Дополните следующие предложения, делая перевод терминов или
терминологических сочетаний в скобках на английский язык:
1) (Прецеденты) turn into one of the legal sources when they become
(обязательные к исполнению).
2) (Судьи) make laws in 3 ways: through precedents; by interpreting
(законодательные акты) and by judicial review checking
(конституционность) of laws and (подзаконные акты).
3) Any (нижестоящий суд) is obliged to follow (судебное решение) of
superior courts if it (принимает решение по) similar facts.
14
4) Besides (судьи) must follow earlier court decisions when deciding cases
with similar (обстоятельства).
5) (Конституция страны) spells out (принципы) law-making process, sets
out the fundamental (права человека), describes functions of main (ветви
власти) and so on.
6) (Правовой обычай) can be a separate (источник права) if it is
(официально признан) by the judicial decision.
7) The growth of some legal systems was greatly influenced by (нормы
канонического права).
8) Many concepts of Common Law (получили свое начало) in Canon Law:
the nature of family matters and (брак); (тюремное заключение) as a
punishment for some crimes; the nature of (наследственное право) and so
on.
2. Дайте определения следующих ключевых понятий текста на
английском языке в опоре на текст или объясните своими словами, как
вы их понимаете:
- case law
- precedents
- common law
- judicial review
- constitutionality of laws
- inferior courts
- doctrine of stare decisis
- to spell out principles
- legal customs
- Canon Law
- imprisonment
- solitary confinement
- clerical courts
- lay courts
- matrimony
- probate matters
15
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Обоснуйте важность в ходе развития основных правовых систем
указанных ниже источников, доводы можно взять из текста или
привести собственные доводы. Начните свое высказывание с одной из
речевых моделей:
a) I think that … are important as….
b) To my mind… is an integral legal source because…
c) In my opinion… is one of the fundamental legal sources because…
- Precedents
- Domestic constitution
- Legal customs
- Concepts (norms) of Canon Law
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) Show ways in (by) which judicial decisions become legally binding (or
become laws).
2) What are legal implications (последствия) of using precedents in practice?
3) What kinds of principles obligatory for each state does the Constitution set
forth?
4) When (under what conditions) do customs get legislative force?
5) What has the role of Canon Law been in the development of some legal
systems?
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
case law
common law
equity law
Canon law
precedents
legal customs
to interpret laws
inferior courts
superior courts
lay courts
clerical courts
16
UNIT 2
5,6
3
4
5
6
7
LEGAL PROFESSION
LEAD-IN
1. A lawyer3, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law;
as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law."4 In a generic sense,
it may also include judges and law-trained support staff.
2. Roles of lawyers vary significantly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be
treated here in only the most general terms. Several different words can be used to refer
to a lawyer. The meaning of the term "lawyer" may vary from place to place
In Australia, the word "lawyer" is used to refer to almost all the personnel whether
in private practice or practicing as corporate in-house counsels.
In Canada, the word "lawyer" only refers to individuals who have been called to the
bar or, in Quebec, have qualified as civil law notaries. Common law lawyers in
Canada are formally and properly called "barristers and solicitors", but should not be
referred to as "attorneys", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage.
However, in Quebec, civil law advocates (or avocats in French) often call themselves
"attorney" and sometimes "barristers and solicitors" in English.
In England and Wales "lawyer" is used to refer to persons who provide reserved
legal activities and includes practitioners such as barristers, solicitors, registered
foreign lawyers, patent attorneys, trade mark attorneys, licensed conveyancers,
commissioners for oaths, immigration advisers and claims management services
[Legal Services Act, 2007] as well as people who are involved with the law but do
not practise it on behalf of individual clients, such as judges, court clerks and drafters
of legislation.
In Scotland, the word "lawyer" refers to a more specific group of legally trained
people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors. In a generic sense, it may
also include judges and law-trained support staff.
In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law. It
is never used to refer to patent agents7.
3. To sum up study the mind map of words denoting the profession of a lawyer in
different countries:
counsellor or counsel (Ireland, the USA)
attorney (the USA)
barrister and solicitor (England, Canada)
avocat (France)
advokat or pleader (Germany)
jurist – в значении юрист (Russia)
legal advisor or jurisconsult (in many countries)
other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept.
:
www.wikipedia.com
Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.
Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Angelo Dondi, Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2004), p. 20-23.
John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to
the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),
p. 102-103.
Carl W. Battle, The Patent Guide: A Friendly Guide to Protecting and Profiting from Patents (New
York: Allworth Press, 1997), p. 49.
17
PART 1
LEGAL PROFESSION (INTRODUCTION). LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN
GREAT BRITAIN.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
LEGAL PROFESSION. INTRODUCTION.
1. legal – 1) правовой, 2) юридический,
3)законный, 4) судебный
an attorney – амер. юрист, прокурор
a counselor – юрисконсульт, адвокат,
советник
a solicitor – солиситор
a barrister – барристер
to engage in the practice of law –
заниматься практической юридической
работой
to advise clients on legal matters –
консультировать клиентов по вопросам
права
legal advisors – юрисконсульты
on behalf of their clients – от лица, в
интересах клиентов
LEGAL PROFESSION IN GREAT BRITAIN: SOLICITORS, BARRISTERS AND LEGAL
EXECUTIVES.
1. to argue cases in front of the judge –
обратиться с аргументацией по делу к
судье
to deal with legal work – заниматься
юридической работой
2. the Bar – коллегия барристеров в
Великобритании
to have the right of audience (right to
appear) in court – иметь право выступать
(представлять кого-то) в суде
to conduct cases in court – вести дела в
суде
the side of the defence – сторона защиты
the side of the prosecution – сторона
обвинения
drafting pleadings – составление
ходатайств
documents related to court proceedings –
документы, имеющие отношение к
судебному разбирательству
trust deeds – договор о доверительном
управлении
litigation – тяжба (гражданский судебный
процесс)
2. to vary – варьироваться
practice environment – поле (сфера)
практической деятельности
3. legal qualification – юридическое
образование (квалификация юриста)
to do all the legal work – заниматься
правовой (юридической) работой
4. different legal training – различное юр.
образование (подготовка)
5. court – суд (как орган)
trial – судебный процесс
to do advisory work – предоставлять
юридические консультации
notaries – нотариусы
a signed statement – заявление за личной
подписью
3. chamber – 1) кабинет, 2) коллегия
to arrange court appearances –
согласовать расписание выступлений в
суде
to undertake work through a solicitor –
брать на себя работу при посредничестве
солиситора
to have direct access – иметь прямой
доступ
a brief (an outline of the case) – краткое
изложение сути дела
available evidence (proof) – доступные
доказательства
witnesses – свидетели
4. at the request – по просьбе
5. property matters – имущественные
вопросы
to make all the legal arrangements –
вести всю правовою работу по
подготовке и оформлению (сделок,
например)
18
to investigate cases – расследовать дела
cases to be tried in courts – дела к
рассмотрению в суде
to assist employees and employers –
оказывать помощь работникам и
работодателям
to make wills – составлять завещания
to acquire knowledge – получать,
приобретать знания
an onerous obligation to the courts –
многочисленные обязанности в суде
to override – здесь: перевешивать (об
обязанностях перед судом над
обязанностями перед клиентами)
the witness box – место для дачи
свидетельских показаний
to confess guilt – признать вину
to commit an offence – совершить
правонарушение
innocent - невиновный
6. lower courts – суды более низких
инстанций (нижестоящие)
to represent clients – представлять
клиентов (в суде)
higher courts – вышестоящие суды
7. to employ – нанимать на работу
a share in profits – доля доходов
associates (salaried employees) – рядовые
сотрудники (часто: помощники), не
имеющие право стать партнерами
to consult a lawyer – обратиться к юристу
to prevent matters going wrong –
предотвратить недолжный ход дела
setting up a business – создание
собственного дела (бизнеса)
selling property – продажа имущества
8. to wear a gown and a wig – надевать
мантию и парик
QC (Queen's Counsel) – королевский
адвокат (брит.)
to handle the most difficult cases –
заниматься наиболее сложными делами
fees – гонорары, оплата
a judge – судья
9. legal executives – специалисты
юридического отдела/компании;
судебные исполнители
the Institute of Legal Executives (ILEX) –
институт судебных исполнителей
Fellows of ILEX – члены, сотрудники…
READING
Прочитайте тексты, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
LEGAL PROFESSION. INTRODUCTION.
1) A lawyer is a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney,
a counselor (US also counsellor), a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an
individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and to advise
clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of
their clients.
2) Roles of lawyers vary significantly across legal jurisdiction depending upon
their practice environment and field of specializations, and therefore can be
treated in only the most general terms.
3) In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the
lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal
qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. However, lawyers
usually specialize in specific tasks or legal subjects according to their preferences
and choice.
19
4) In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two
types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both
qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training, and once they have
qualified, they usually do different types of legal work.
5) The general public usually refers to all people working in legal affairs as
lawyers. An American will say “I'm going to see my attorney” but an Englishman
will say “I'm going to see my solicitor”. In the United States lawyers call
themselves attorneys. In court, trial lawyers are referred to as 'counsel for the
defence' and 'counsel for the prosecution'. The word counsel (US also counsellor)
may be used as a vocative: a judge may say 'Counsel, approach the bench' if he
wants to speak to one or both counsels in private. Solicitors who do mainly
advisory work may be called legal advisers. There are other legal professionals
with important public duties, such as notaries, who have the legal power to make a
signed statement or document official and so on.
LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN: SOLICITORS,
BARRISTERS AND LEGAL EXECUTIVES
1) A distinctive feature of the legal profession in England and Wales is that it is
divided into two branches: barristers and solicitors. They have different legal
training and different qualifications, and do different types of work. Barristers are
mainly 'courtroom lawyers' concerned with advocacy in court, arguing cases in
front of the judge, and solicitors generally deal with legal work out of court. In
practice, the major volume of court work is done by solicitors and barristers do
much “office” work. No one can practise both as a barrister and a solicitor at the
same time, but it is possible to be doubly qualified or to transfer from one branch
to the other.
2) The two types of lawyers in England differ in several important respects.
Barristers who are known collectively as the Bar (the Bar Council) have rights of
audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, so they actually conduct
cases in court. They do not have to work entirely for the defence or for the
prosecution but may alternate between the two, appearing in one case on the side
of the defence and in another on the side of the prosecution. Nevertheless many
barristers, especially junior barristers, spend much of their time on paperwork,
giving opinions, drafting pleadings and other documents related to court
proceedings, but also drafting contracts, trust deeds and other formal legal
documents which are not immediately connected with litigation.
3) All professional barristers are self-employed and usually work out of
chambers, offices which they share for convenience, and have their work
organised by their clerks who arrange court appearances and conferences
(meetings) between clients, solicitors and barristers. Generally, a barrister
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