Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Иностранный язык в правоведении. Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для магистратуры
.pdf
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
civil procedure (proceedings / trial)
lawsuits
to file (law)suits
private individuals
legal individuals
a wronged (injured) party
a claimant (plaintiff)
a defendant
legal remedies
statements of the case (pleadings)
to file a claim (a complaint)
a counterclaim
disclosure (discovery) of materials
pretrial hearing
the burden of proof
preponderance of evidence
enforcement of the judgment
CIVIL PROCEDURE
PART II
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. legal action – 1) иск, исковое
заявление, 2) судебный процесс
(судопроизводство)
actions in breach of contract – процессы,
иски по поводу нарушений договоров
to have acquaintance with –
познакомиться
a party in breach – сторона, нарушившая
договор
to suffer some loss – понести ущерб,
убытки
to fulfill conditions – выполнять условия
damages – возмещение ущерба,
компенсация за причиненный ущерб
specific performance order – судебное
решение об исполнении договорных
обязательств
injunction – судебный запрет
a lump sum – денежная сумма,
выплачиваемая единовременно
2. to award damages – присудить,
назначить возмещение ущерба
(компенсацию за ущерб)
to carry out the contract properly –
исполнять договор должным образом
to anticipate – предвидеть
remote – имеющий отдаленную
причинную связь
to be liable – быть ответственным
the injured party – пострадавшая сторона
3. at the discretion – по собственному
усмотрению
to fulfill obligations – исполнять
обязательства
reluctant seller – вынужденный продавец,
продавец, не испытывающий желания
продавать
4. to prohibit – запрещать
a prohibitory injunction –
ограничительный судебный запрет
a mandatory injunction – обязывающий,
обязательный к исполнению судебный
запрет
5. to supervise enforcement –
осуществлять надзор, проконтролировать
исполнение
7. enforcement of a judgment –
приведение судебного решения в
действие, исполнение…
121
to obey the judgment – подчиниться,
последовать судебному решению
voluntary obedience – добровольное
подчинение, соблюдение
authorized officials – уполномоченные
должностные лица
8. warrant of execution – приказ об
исполнении решения суда,
исполнительный лист
to seize property – изъять имущество
bailiff – судебный пристав
to place a lien – наложить арест на
имущество должника
certain assets – часть активов
to notify the debtor – известить должника
to pay the debt – выплачивать долг
9. a charging order – судебный приказ о
наложении ареста на имущество
securities – обеспечение, гарант
обязательств
10. a warrant of specific delivery – приказ
о специальном вручении, передаче
to seize the goods – изъять товары
to deliver – доставлять, передавать,
вручать
11. 'garnishee' order – приказ суда о
наложении ареста на имущество
должника у третьего лица или на суммы,
причитающиеся должнику с третьего
лица
to owe money to the debtor – задолжать
деньги должнику
12. bankruptcy and liquidation order –
судебное распоряжение о банкротстве и
ликвидации предприятия
to appoint the receiver – назначить
управляющего имуществом должника в
связи с его неплатёжеспособностью
13.receivership – управление имуществом
в связи с неплатёжеспособностью
income – доход
rent from tenants – арендная плата,
предоставляемая арендаторами
14. attachment of earnings – наложение
ареста на доходы
debtor's employer – работодатель
должника
to deduct a sum of money – вычесть
определенную денежную сумму
wages – заработная плата
to discharge the order – отменить,
аннулировать судебный приказ
15. contempt of court – неуважение к
суду, оскорбление суда
to be fined – быть оштрафованным
122
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
LEGAL REMEDIES IN CIVIL PROCEDURE
1. One of the most common kinds of legal action is an action in breach of a
contract. That is why we’ll take these actions as an example in order to have
acquaintance with remedies in civil proceedings. In these disputes the court must
be satisfied that there was a contract, that one party is in breach, and that the
other party has suffered some loss because of the breach. If all these conditions
are fulfilled, the court must then decide how the party in breach must compensate
the other party. The remedies for breach of a contract are damages, a specific
performance order or an injunction.
The usual award is damages, or monetary compensation, usually in the form of a
lump sum.
2. In deciding just how much in damages to award, courts try to put the
claimant into the same financial position he would have been in if the defendant
had carried out the contract properly. Courts will award damages only for loss
that arises naturally from the breach and might have been anticipated by both
parties when the contract was made. If the connection between the breach of the
contract and the claimant's loss is too remote, the defendant is not liable. It is an
important concept in both contracts and torts. The injured party must do his (her)
best to minimize the loss resulting from the breach.
3. Courts may, at their discretion, provide alternative remedies for breach of
contracts. A specific performance order requires a person to fulfill his obligations
under a contract. For example, when contracts have been exchanged for the sale of
a house, the court may order a reluctant seller to complete the sale. Specific
performance orders will never be granted for any contract of a personal nature.
Thus, a person who contracts to work for a company and then refuses to take the
job will never be forced to do so; the company will only be able to claim damages.
4. An injunction either prohibits a person from doing or continuing to do a
certain act (a prohibitory injunction) or orders him to carry out a certain act (a
mandatory injunction).
5. Specific performance and an injunction will only be granted if a) damages
are not an adequate remedy and b) if the court can adequately supervise
enforcement. Both remedies are discretionary, that is, they will be granted only if
the court considers it just and convenient to do so.
6. In other areas of civil law there can be some other specific remedies, for
example, in family law cases the court may give orders which regulate how family
members are to live.
123
Enforcement of a judgment
a)
a breach
of a
contract
1) actions in…
а) средства защиты при нарушении договора
2) party in…
б) ущерб в результате нарушения договора
3) remedies for …
в) компенсация (возмещение ущерба) при
нарушении договора
7. If the court’s judgment requires from one party to provide a remedy to the
other party, that party may immediately obey the judgment. But if there is no
voluntary obedience the winning party can seek enforcement of the judgment by
some authorized officials. There are a number of ways in which a judgment may
be enforced:
8. Warrant of execution. In the case of an order to pay money, the court may
order that the defendant's property should be seized and sold. In this case, the
bailiff will enter the premises and place a lien on certain assets notifying the
debtor that these assets will be sold unless the debt is paid in full within a certain
period. A lien is the right to hold another's property while pressing a claim against
him.
9. A charging order makes it impossible for the debtor to sell his land or
securities without paying off the debt.
10. If a warrant of specific delivery is made, the court bailiff is ordered to seize
the goods and deliver them to the successful litigant.
11. The so-called 'garnishee' order is directed to anyone who owes money to
the debtor requiring them to pay it into the court.
12. For larger debts, there may be a bankruptcy and liquidation order declaring
the debtor bankrupt. In this case a receiver is appointed by the court to enable the
creditor to obtain payment of a debt.
13. Receivership. A receiver may also be appointed when the debtor receives an
income, such as rent from tenants, which must be collected by an independent
person.
14. Attachment of earnings. For smaller debts, there may be an order requiring
the debtor's employer to deduct a sum of money from the debtor's wages and
transfer it into court. However, the order can be discharged if the debtor loses or
changes his employment.
15. If a person disobeys a court order to do something or not to do something, he
will be guilty of contempt of court and will be fined or sent to prison.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите получившиеся
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
124
4) compensation
(damages) for …
г) иски, судебные разбирательства по искам
при нарушении договора
5) damage from…
д) сторона, нарушившая договор
b)
an
injunction
1) legal…
а) ограничительный запрет
2) …prohibits to…
б) вынести решение о выдаче…, выдать
судебный запрет
3) mandatory…
в) судебный запрет по усмотрению суда
4) prohibitory…
г) судебный запрет
5) to grant…
д) судебный запрет, обязательный для
исполнения
6) discretionary…
е) судебный приказ накладывает запрет
c)
a debtor
1) to notify…
а) доход должника
2) to declare… bankrupt
б) зарплата должника
3) wages of …
в) известить должника
4) income of…
г) обязательства должника
5) obligations of …
д) объявить должника банкротом
d)
an order
1) specific performance..
а) приказ о признании предприятия
несостоятельным (банкротом)
2) charging…
б) приказ о ликвидации предприятия
3) ‘garnishee’…
в) аннулировать приказ
4) bankruptcy …
г) судебное решение об исполнении
договорных обязательств
5) liquidation…
д) приказ о наложении ареста на имущество
или суммы должника, находящиеся у
третьего лица
6) to discharge …
е) приказ о наложении ареста на имущество
e)
a
warrant
1)… of execution
а) приказ, содержащий определенные
требования
2) … of specific delivery
б) передать, направить приказ кому-либо
3) to make (issue)…
в) приказ о специальном вручении, передаче
4) … requiring smth
г) приказ об исполнении решения суда
5) to direct an… to smbd
д) издать (отдать) приказ
1) to compensate the loss
a) to provide compensation and other
remedies
2) to award damages (remedies)
b) parties at the trial
3) to carry out the contract
c) to seek compensation
4) litigants
d) to deliver money
5) to claim damages
e) to pay damages
6) to obtain compensation
f) to obtain payment
7) to transfer money
g) to fulfill obligations under the contract
2. Подберите синонимичные термины или терминологические
выражения из двух колонок:
125
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выразите согласие / несогласие со следующими утверждениями,
обоснуйте свой выбор, исправьте неверные высказывания. Ответ можно
начать с одной из речевых моделей:
а) I disagree with this statement as… I think it is false/ wrong / not right
because… On the contrary…
б) To my mind it is true / right as … I fully agree with this statement because…
1) The most common remedy in civil actions is a fine.
2) Courts will award damages to the injured party in any case if this party has
suffered some loss.
3) Both remedies a specific performance order and an injunction prohibit the
wrongdoer to continue certain actions.
4) A specific performance order and an injunction are both discretionary
remedies.
5) The winning party cannot force the losing party to obey the legal ruling
(judgment) of the court.
6) The number of ways to enforce judgments of court is extremely limited.
7) The main purpose of judgment enforcement is to satisfy the requirement of
the court.
8) There is not much use to obey the orders of courts in civil litigations as the
losing party cannot be punished for its disobedience.
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) What are the most common types of legal actions?
2) Name 3 elements that must be shown in order to start an action in a breach
of a contract.
3) What are usual remedies in a breach of a contract?
4) What do terms ‘damage’ and ‘damages’ mean? What kinds of actions are
presupposed when the court awards damages?
5) What does the court take into account awarding damages?
6) Name alternatives that can be granted as well as compensation in litigations.
7) What does each of these alternative remedies mean?
8) What does the enforcement of judgment mean? In what event does it take
place?
9) Specify the purpose, sense and consequences of each of the methods used by
the court in order to enforce its judgment. Be ready to speak about:
a) a warrant of execution;
b) a charging order;
c) a warrant of specific delivery;
d) a 'garnishee' order;
e) a bankruptcy and liquidation order;
f) receivership;
g) attachment of earnings.
126
3. Подготовьте аргументы, опираясь на содержание текстов 6-го и 7-го
разделов, для участия в обсуждении на тему «Основные различия и
сходства между уголовным судопроизводством и гражданским
судопроизводством».
Начинайте свои высказывания речевыми оборотами: I think…; To my
mind…; In my opinion…; As a matter of fact…; As far as I know…
Основные пункты обсуждения:
Main objectives of the proceedings
Parties of the proceedings
Pre-trial stages
Stages at the trial, their order and main peculiarities
Standards and principles of proof
Defendants’ rights and responsibilities
Plaintiffs’ (prosecutors’) rights and responsibilities
Judges taking part in proceedings and their roles
Jurors and their tasks and role at the trials
Types of sentences and punishments imposed at the trials
Ways of enforcement of judgments
Appellate process and opportunities for appeal
TEST YOURSELF
Проверьте, запомнили ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых
терминов и терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
legal remedies
discretionary remedies
a breach of a contract
a party in breach
to suffer loss
to award damages
a specific performance order
an injunction
to fulfill obligations
prohibitory injunction
mandatory injunction
enforcement of a judgment
a warrant of execution
a charging order
a warrant of specific delivery
a 'garnishee' order
a bankruptcy and liquidation order
receivership
attachment of earnings
contempt of court
127
ADDITIONAL READING
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)
The formal courts are not the only means of solving disputes. When an individual
brings a civil case he or she may ask a lawyer to investigate the case, which can be
expensive. As a result, people have begun to explore alternatives to lawsuits.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is an increasingly popular process that
occurs when parties try to resolve disagreements outside of the usual adversarial
system (if we take common law countries) by using creative settlement techniques.
In ADR, the methods used are relatively quick and inexpensive as civil disputes
are settled out of court: by various tribunals, by means of arbitration, mediation
and some other available methods.
In the UK, for instance, there are literally thousands of tribunals of more than 80
different types. They are independent judicial bodies, which consist of expert
assessors sitting alongside legally qualified chairmen. They hear claims where
ordinary courts either lack the necessary expertise or are too formal and costly. But
although tribunals exist outside the ordinary courts of law, their decisions are
subject to judicial control. If a decision is taken on the wrong grounds, it may be
challenged and sent on review. From the point of view of a lawyer, tribunals are
perhaps the least important element in the court system but from the point of view
of an ordinary citizen, they are among the most important courts in the country.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) can be classified in two ways: reactive
methods and proactive methods:
Reactive Methods. These types of ADR are used after a dispute has arisen.
The oldest forms of reactive ADR are mediation and arbitration. “Mediation”
occurs when parties to a dispute invite a third party, usually called a mediator, to
help them to find a solution. A mediator persuades the parties to reach a
compromise without making their decision for them.
On the other hand, when the parties give the power to settle their dispute to a third
party, the process is called “arbitration”, and the person engaged is called an
arbitrator.
A new form of ADR known as “med-arb” combines the best aspects of mediation
and arbitration. The disputing parties first go through mediation. If the problem is
not solved, they move on to an arbitration hearing.
Another new form of ADR is known as “early neutral evaluation”. An evaluator
examines the facts, determines the legal rights of each party, and decides the
amount of award that should be rendered, if any.
128
A “summary jury trial” is a short trial that runs before a real jury, which renders a
verdict. The verdict is advisory but helps the parties see how a real jury would
react to the case.
Furthermore, in some states of the USA the parties can hold a private civil trial,
choosing a judge whose decision is binding.
Proactive methods are discussed before a dispute even arises.
These methods can be effective in preventing major disputes among parties
involved in business dealings. Some businesses agree in advance to use one of the
ADR tools if a disagreement between the parties arises later.
In “partnering”, parties to a long and involved contract agree to meet to get to
know one another in advance. During this meeting they create rules for resolving
disagreements.
Another proactive ADR method is “negotiated rule making”. In this process, an
agency that is about to create a new rule or revise existing rules works with people
who will be affected.
Finally, the government might get involved in ADR through a “science court”,
which acts as a forum for disputes involving scientific and technological
controversies. These disputes involve matters such as genetic engineering, nuclear
energy research, and so on.
129
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Алимов В.В. Юридический перевод. Практический курс. Английский
язык: Учебное пособие. Изд. 5-е. – М.: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2010. 160 с.
2. Английский для юристов: учебное пособие / Немировская Э.А.,
Десяткова Т.М., Бакарева А.П., Верещагина М.К. и др. / отв. ред.
Т.М. Десяткова. - М.: Омега-Л; ИМПЭ-ПАБЛИШ, 2004. — 376 с.
3. Английский язык = English for Law Students: Учебное пособие по
специальности «Правоведение» / Авт.-сост.: Васючкова О. И., Долгорукова
А. И., Крюковская И. В., Хорень Р. В., Шуплецова С. А. – Мн.: БГУ, 2010. –
331 с.
4. Английский для юристов: учебно-методическое пособие (модули 1-
6) / Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования «Московский государственный
юридический университет имени О.Е.Кутафина (МГЮА)». – М., 2013. –
430с.
5. Гуманова Ю.Л. Just English. The State of Britain. Английский для
юристов. Углубленный курс. / Ю.Л.Гуанова, В.А. Королева-МакАри,
М.Л. Свешникова; под ред. Шишкиной. – М.: КНОРУС, 2008. – 200с.
6. Гуманова Ю.Л. Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый
курс. / под ред.Шишкиной. – 8-е изд., стер. - М.: КНОРУС, 20111. – 256 с.
ISBN 5-94727-089-7
7. Давид Р., Брили Д. Основные правовые системы современности. М.,
1999.
8. Комаровская С.Д. Justice and the Law in Britain: Учебник английского
языка для юристов. – М.: Книжный дом «Университет», 1998. – 240с.
9. Литвиненко А.И. Аниковская В.П. Man and Justice (Человек и
правосудие): Учебное пособие для студентов лингвистических
университетов, институтов и факультетов иностранных языков, юридических
факультетов. – Н. Новгород: НГЛУ им. Н.А. Добролюбова, 2001. – 207 с.
10. Петрова О.В. Учебно-методические материалы по теме
«Юриспруденция» для студентов переводческого факультета. – Н. Новгород:
НГЛУ им. Н.А. Добролюбова, 2008. – 139 с.
11. Попов Е.Б. Английский язык для магистрантов: Учебное пособие к
курсу «Иностранный язык в правоведении».- Оренбург: Оренбургский
институт МГЮА, 2011.- 54 с.
12. Романов, А.К.. Правовая система Англии. "Дело", М., 2000. -342 c.
13. Симонок В.П. English for law students. – Харьков: Право, 2011. –
648 с.
14. Ступникова Л.В. Английский для юристов (Learning Legal English).
Учебник и практикум. – М.: Издательство Юрайт, 2014. – 529 с.
15. Фролова, Инна. Английское право для изучающих английский язык:
продвинутый курс. Москва: Круг, 2010. – 352c.
130
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]