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freedom of the suspect (who must at this stage be treated as an innocent person),
they are normally subject to close control either by legislation or by the courts.
Evidence obtained in breach of legislation and codes of practice may be ruled
inadmissible in court.
4. One important procedure is a search of the suspect or of premises or
vehicles. A person suspected of committing an offence may be stopped and
searched, provided the police officer identifies himself and states the reasons for
the search. A search of private premises usually requires a search warrant issued
by a magistrate or judge. The warrant may be subject to time limits and normally
permits only one search to be carried out. It may allow the police to seize
evidence, or to inspect bank accounts or telephone accounts. But the police may
enter premises without a warrant, where they have reasonable causes to believe
that a serious offence is being committed, or to save life or property.
5. The police may arrest without a warrant anyone suspected of committing an
arrestable offence. The suspect may be detained in police custody without
charge for a certain period of time depending on the seriousness of the committed
crime (as a rule for up to 24 hours, or 36 hours in case of a serious arrestable
offence, but not beyond 96 hours and in this case a warrant must be obtained).
6. Booking. After the arrest the individual is not only taken into custody he is
‘booked’ as well, that is the defendant's name and other relevant personal
information is recorded (telephone number, address, etc.), besides the arrest is
registered and the suspect is fingerprinted and photographed.
7. Post-arrest investigation. The defence lawyer has a double function in the
investigation phase of the criminal process: to assist the suspect in gathering
exonerating evidence and to protect him from violations of his rights at the hands
of law-enforcement personnel.
The police must inform the suspect of his right to the assistance of a lawyer
before interrogating him. All suspects have the right to have an advocate present
at their interview. As a rule, the arrangements for duty lawyers must be made on a
24-hour basis. These lawyers shall give advice and assistance to those being
questioned by the police; these services are not means-tested and are free.
8. Interviews with suspects at police stations are generally recorded and suspects
are entitled to a copy of the recording if charged. The accused has the right to
remain silent in order to avoid incriminating himself. However, if he fails to
mention some facts when being questioned by the police but later relies upon them
in his defence, this may be interpreted against him by the court. At the same time
the existing law generally allows a confession to be admitted in evidence,
provided that it was not obtained by oppression, that is, by torture or threats.
9. Charges. Once there is sufficient evidence, the police have to decide whether
a detained person should be charged with an offence. For minor offences, they
may decide to caution the offender rather than prosecute. A caution does not
101
amount to a conviction, and will not take place unless the person admits the
offence.
10. If they decide to prosecute, the accused will be served either with a
summons requiring him to appear in court or a warrant of arrest issued by a court.
Pending his trial, the defendant may be remanded in custody or on bail. A remand
in custody means that he will be detained in prison. A remand on bail means that
he will remain free but will have to appear on the appointed date in court to
stand his trial; this is known as unconditional bail. If the suspect is released on
conditions that he puts up some money as security or surrenders his passport, or
some similar condition, this is known as conditional bail. Only under special
circumstances, when it is thought that the suspect will abscond or commit further
offences, or otherwise obstruct justice, can bail be denied altogether, and the
suspect will be remanded in custody.
11. Prosecution. If the police institute criminal proceedings against a suspect,
it is for some special prosecution services to decide whether the case should
proceed. State prosecutors must be satisfied that there is enough evidence to
provide a realistic prospect of conviction. There may however be instances where
an analysis of the public interest will lead to a decision not to prosecute; this may
happen when particular crimes no longer reflect the sentiment of the community,
and the prosecutor is no longer expected to bring charges against people who
infringe them.
12. The prosecutor has the power to determine with what crime the defendant is
to be charged. Different offences carry quite different penalties, and normally the
prosecutor charges the most serious offence that can be sustained by the evidence
(if the accused person has committed a few of them or if the offence can be
categorized in different ways). However, if there is the cooperation of the
defendant, especially in offering a plea of guilty, it drastically shortens or
simplifies the trial and prosecutors can reduce charges on condition that the
defendant does not contest the accusation in court - the practice known as ‘plea
bargaining’.
13. Strict rules govern the disclosure of materials by one side to the other at the
pre-trial stage. For instance, the law requires the prosecution to disclose to the
defence not only the material which it proposes to rely on at the trial but also the
material that it does not intend to use (and which might assist the defence). The
defence must give a statement outlining in general terms the nature of the defence
including details of any alibis (though in the UK this statement is voluntary in
cases tried in magistrates’ courts).
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VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Дополните следующие предложения, делая перевод терминов или
терминологических сочетаний в скобках на английский язык. Проверьте,
сможете ли вы перевести данные предложения на русский язык:
1) Criminal Procedure is designed to protect the state from (преступный вред)
as a crime is regarded as a (противоправное действие) or (бездействие),
serious enough for the (правонарушитель) to (получить наказание) by the rest
of the community.
2) Main (цели) of these branches are (уголовное преследование по суду) and
punishment of persons (совершившие уголовные деяния).
3) Once the (совершение преступления) has been discovered, it is necessary to
identify the (подозреваемый) and gather (доказательства).
4) It is essential that police gather sufficient (достаточные допустимые
доказательства) to (предъявить обвинения) the person before the court.
5) (Доказательства, полученные незаконно) and codes of practice may be
ruled (недопустимые) in court.
6) A (подозреваемый) of committing an offence may be stopped and (быть
обысканным). A (обыск) of private premises usually requires a (ордер на
арест) issued by a magistrate or judge.
7) But the police may (войти в помещение) without a warrant, where they have
(веские основания) to believe that a (тяжкое преступление) being committed,
or to save life or property.
8) The suspect may (содержаться под арестом) without (официальное
обвинение) for a certain period of time depending on the (тяжесть) of the
committed crime.
9) The (адвокат) has a double function in the (расследование) of the criminal
process: to assist the suspect in gathering (доказательства, исключающие
вину) and to protect him from violations of his rights at the hands of
(сотрудники правоохранительных органов).
10) The police must inform the suspect of (право на содействие адвоката)
before (опрос, допрос). These services are (без проверки материального
положения) and are free.
11) The accused has the (право хранить молчание) in order to avoid
(самооговор). But a (признание) can be admitted in evidence, provided that it
was not (получено под давлением).
12) Once there is sufficient evidence, the police have to decide whether a
(задержанное лицо) should be (получить официальное обвинение) with an
offence.
103
13) If police decide to prosecute, the accused will (получить повестку)
1) criminal procedure
a) правоохранительные органы
2) omission
b) ордер
3) objectives
c) регистрация преступления
4) prosecution
d) признание (обвиняемого)
5) enforcement of the judgment
e) опрос (допрос)
6) investigation of crimes
f) оставаться под арестом
7) law enforcement agencies
g) повестка
8) evidence
h) залог, предоставленный на
определенных условиях
9) search
i) находиться «под» залогом
10) warrant
j) уголовный процесс
11) charge
k) залог, предоставленный без условий
12) booking
l) прокуроры, обвинители
13) interrogation (interview)
m) бездействие
14) confession
n) адвокат
15) summons
o) принудительное исполнение
судебного решения
16) to remand in custody
p) обыск
17) to remand on bail
q) договоренность суда с подсудимым о
признании им вины
18) unconditional bail
r) цели
19) conditional bail
s) оглашение, предоставление
материалов
20) prosecutors
t) расследование преступлений
21) defence lawyer
u) официальное обвинение
22) plea bargain
v) преследование по суду
23) disclosure of materials
w) доказательства
requiring him to (явиться в суд) or a warrant of arrest issued by a court.
Pending his trial, the (подзащитный) may be (находиться под арестом) or on
bail.
14) Different offences carry quite different (наказания) and normally the
(прокурор, обвинитель) charges the most serious offence that can be
(подтвержденный доказательствами).
15) (Заявление о признании вины) drastically shortens or simplifies the trial
and prosecutors can (уменьшить официальные обвинения) on condition that
the defendant does not (оспаривать обвинения) in court.
16) Strict rules govern the (оглашение, предоставление материалов) by one
side to the other at the (досудебная стадия).
2. Соотнесите следующие ключевые термины или терминосочетания
текста с их русскими эквивалентами. Выберите наиболее значимые (на
ваш взгляд) термины и дайте их определения на английском языке в
опоре на текст или объясните своими словами, как вы их понимаете:
104
evidence
1)to introduce…
a) представление доказательств
2) sufficient…
b) недопустимые доказательства
3) to be admitted in …
c) правила доказывания
4) inadmissible …
d) подкрепляться доказательствами
5) relevant…
e) доказательства, полученные незаконно
6) presentation of …
f) представлять, выносить доказательства на
рассмотрение
7) exonerating…
g) допускать в качестве доказательств
8) rules of …
h) достаточный объем доказательств
9) to be sustained by…
i) относящиеся к делу доказательства
10) … obtained in breach
of law
j) доказательства, исключающие вину
3. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите составленные
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений (доводы
можно взять из текста). Начните ответ с одного из следующих
выражений:
а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying that… because…”,
“Exactly so because…”;
б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind as…”,
“Surely not because…”;
в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I’m not quite sure
about it but I can say that…”, “That’s hard to say but as far as I know …”
1) Criminal harm is regarded to be very serious.
2) To turn a legal right of an injured person into a satisfied judgment is very
easy.
3) To indict a person the police must carry out a great deal of different
measures.
4) a) A search of a suspect or some premises or vehicles - …;
b) An arrest of a suspect …
requires a special warrant without which police are not entitled to take any
legal actions.
5) Court, as a rule, admits all the evidence obtained by police.
6) The process of interrogating a suspect is strictly governed by a set of
procedural rules.
7) It is the police that decide whether to charge the accused or not.
8) The state prosecutor in his turn decides what crime and to what extent the
accused should be charged with.
9) A plea of guilty made by the accused does not usually influence the course
of criminal proceedings.
105
10) The disclosure of materials is a discretionary power of each party of the
proceedings.
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) What are objectives of Criminal Procedure?
2) What are 3 main phases in almost all criminal proceedings?
3) In what ways do police gather admissible legal evidence?
4) What does it mean ‘to indict a suspect’?
5) Under what conditions can police search a suspect or some premises, or
vehicles?
6) How long can a suspect be detained in police custody without a charge?
What does this period depend on?
7) What is meant by ‘booking’?
8) What functions does a defence lawyer have at the investigation stage of the
criminal process?
9) Specify rules governing the process of interrogation and confession of the
accused.
10) What are legal consequences for an accused person if police decide to
prosecute him? Specify all possible variants.
11) What is the role of a state prosecutor before the trial?
12) What does the disclosure of materials mean? What does the law require the
prosecution and defence to do at this stage of the criminal procedure?
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART II
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. a complaint – жалоба
to find causes – найти причины,
основания
to dismiss the complaint – отказать в
удовлетворении жалобы
2. an information – обвинительное
заключение, выдвижение обвинений
grand jury of inquiry – присяжные в
расширенном составе (большое жюри до
20 человек) с функциями расследования и
предания суду
to justify accusing – оправдать,
обосновать обвинение
3. testimony of witnesses – показания
свидетелей
to issue an indictment – вынести решение
о предъявлении обвинения, выдать
обвинительный акт
issuance – выдача, оформление
4. preliminary hearing – предварительное
слушание
to plead guilty or not guilty – признать
себя виновным или невиновным, сделать
заявление о своей виновности или …
to impose the sentence – вынести
приговор
to proceed a case to trial – приступить к
процессуальным действиям по делу
5. with few exceptions – за рядом
исключений
to permit shortcuts – допускать
ускоренный (упрощенный, укороченный)
процесс, метод
to admit one’s guilt – признавать свою
вину
a statement of reasons – изложение
мотивов, оснований
6. to exclude the public from the trial – не
допустить присутствие общественности
на суде
undue interference – недолжное
вмешательство
106
7. to make opening statements –
выступить со вступительной речью
to introduce evidence – представлять
доказательства
closing statements – заключительные
речи
8. selecting the Jury – отбор состава
присяжных
a pool – резерв
fair – справедливый
prejudiced – предвзятый, с
предубеждением
10. sales slips – товарные чеки
affidavits (sworn statements) – заявления
под присягой
a subpoena (a summons) – повестка
to testify – давать показания,
свидетельствовать
11. to cross-examine – проводить
перекрестный допрос
witnesses - свидетели
direct examination – (прямой) допрос
стороной, которая ссылается на
допрашиваемого
12. to find in favor of – принять решение
в пользу…
14. to deliberate upon the verdict –
обсуждать вердикт
«a petit jury» – малое жюри (суд
присяжных из 12 человек)
unanimous verdict – единогласный
вердикт
beyond a reasonable doubt – вне
пределов разумного сомнения
to be acquitted – быть оправданным
to release - освободить
15. to be convicted of a crime – получить
обвинительный приговор, быть
признанным виновным
to provide for certain sentencing
guidelines – предусматривать
руководства (директивы) по вынесению
приговора
fines - штрафы
imprisonment – тюремное заключение
16. accused's previous criminal record –
прежние судимости обвиняемого
a plea in mitigation of the sentence –
ходатайство о смягчении приговора
probation officer – должностное лицо,
осуществляющее надзор за условно
осужденными
presiding judge – председательствующий
судья
in the presence of the accused – в
присутствии обвиняемого
17. mandatory sentence – приговор с
обязательным по закону наказанием (в
отношении сроков и видов)
to prescribe the minimum punishment –
предусматривать, предписывать
минимальный предел наказания
life imprisonment – пожизненное
тюремное заключение
treason – государственная измена
full explanation of the decision –
детальное обоснование судебного
решения
discretionary sentence – назначение
наказания по усмотрению судьи или суда
disparity in the sentences –
несоразмерность, дискриминация при
назначении наказаний
arbitrariness in the decisions – произвол,
самоуправство при вынесении решения
18. review of a case – пересмотр дела
to overturn the lower court’s decision –
отменить решение нижестоящего суда
for the benefit of the defendant – в
интересах, в пользу подзащитного
a retrial – пересмотр дела, повторное
слушание
19. judge’s legal ruling – судебное
решение, определение судьи
107
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
1. The Arraignment. The suspect, in his turn, must be brought before the
court as soon as possible after the arrest in order to be informed of the nature of the
complaint, and to be made aware of his or her rights. At this time, the judge may
find causes to dismiss the complaint or decide if there are probable causes that a
crime has been committed.
2. Depending upon the jurisdiction, the prosecuting lawyer either prepares an
information or presents the case to the grand jury. A grand jury is a jury of
inquiry made up of citizens who must decide whether there is enough evidence to
justify accusing certain persons of certain crimes.
3. The grand jury hears evidence and testimony of witnesses. If jurors decide a
crime has been committed, they issue an indictment, or written accusation
charging the individual. This issuance does not mean that the named person is
guilty but that the grand jury believes there is a possibility he or she is guilty.
4. Following the indictment or information, the accused is brought to a
preliminary hearing in court for arraignment. The suspect is read the indictment
or information and is asked to plead guilty or not guilty. The accused is informed
of his or her rights. If the person pleads guilty, the judge may then impose the
sentence. If the person pleads not guilty, the case proceeds to trial.
5. It should be mentioned that continental law, with few exceptions, does not
permit such shortcuts to sentencing: even though the accused is willing to admit
his guilt, the court must investigate the evidence fully. The second major
difference is that the decision of the continental court is normally accompanied by
a statement of reasons, which is never given for the verdict of a jury.
6. Trial. Criminal trials normally take place in open court. But the law permits
the court to exclude the public from the trial or to change the location in which
the trial is to be held if it is necessary to protect the proceedings from undue
interference.
7. If the defendant requests a jury trial, selection of jurors proceeds and
lawyers make opening statements and introduce evidence (strict rules of
evidence govern how matters must be proved). Otherwise, the case is tried before
the judge, who decides the verdict. The trial ends with the lawyers’ closing
statements and the judge’s instructions to the jury. Let us have a look at the
mentioned steps of a trial in a more detailed way.
8. Selecting the Jury. The judge calls the court to order and has a jury drawn
from a pool of citizens who have been called to serve. The jury must determine the
facts of the case and apply the law to those facts (in accordance with the
instructions given by the judge). The lawyers question each juror selected from the
pool, trying to predict whether a juror will be fair or prejudiced. Lawyers consider
108
the jurors’ background, education, experience, relationships, attitudes, and
employment.
9. Opening Statements. After jurors are selected, lawyers for each side make
opening statements, explaining what they intend to prove. The plaintiff’s lawyer
goes first, as a rule.
10. Introduction of Evidence. The plaintiff ’s lawyer presents all of the
plaintiff ’s evidence. Evidence may take the form of: documentary items, such as
written contracts, sales slips, letters, or affidavits (sworn statements); physical
objects, such as weapons, photographs, items from the crime scene; and witness
testimony. Witnesses respond to a subpoena or an order to appear in court (a
summons) in order to testify at the trial. Some lawyers present expert witnesses
who give authoritative opinions for the case.
11. The defence lawyer has the chance to cross-examine the plaintiff ’s
witnesses, asking questions to test the truth of statements and bring out evidence
that was not developed during direct examination. When the plaintiff ’s lawyer
rests, the defendant’s lawyer presents evidence favorable to his or her client.
Defence witnesses and any other evidence important to the defendant’s case are
put forward. The plaintiff ’s lawyer may then cross-examine the defendant’s
witnesses.
12. Closing Arguments. The plaintiff ’s lawyer is the first to present closing
arguments, followed by the defence lawyer. Each lawyer summarizes the evidence
and suggests reasons why the judge or jury should find in favor of his or her
client.
13. Instructions to the Jury. The judge must explain the law to the jury in a
process called jury instruction. Lawyers from both sides may suggest instructions.
14. Verdict and Judgment. Members of the jury go to the jury room to
deliberate upon the verdict, or decision. In a criminal case with a jury, the verdict
is passed by a jury, which is called «a petit jury» because it has fewer members
than a grand jury. Their verdict must be unanimous - either guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt, or not guilty. A mistrial is called if the jury cannot agree, and a
new trial may be held at the option of the prosecution. If the defendant is not
guilty, he or she is acquitted and released. If the defendant is found guilty, the
judge imposes a sentence.
15. Sentencing. After a person has been convicted of a crime, he or she is
sentenced by the court, which means the judge decides upon the punishment. The
law provides for certain sentencing guidelines and penalties, including fines,
imprisonment, and even death (in some countries).
16. Sentencing hearings typically take place a few weeks after the defendant has
been found guilty of the charges. The prosecution must inform the judge about the
accused's previous criminal record or bad character, and the defence may then
make a plea in mitigation of the sentence. The judge may also obtain reports
109
from a probation officer or non-legal specialists (medical experts or social
a)
jury
1) grand …
а) суд с участием присяжных
2) petit …
б) присяжные, оценивающие доказательства
3) …trial
в) обсуждение присяжными вердикта
4) … of inquiry
г) присяжные, рассматривающие факты
5)…deliberation on a
verdict
д) суд присяжных в расширенном составе
(большое жюри)
6)… determining facts
е) присяжные с функциями расследования и
предания суду
7) …weighing evidence
ж) малый суд присяжных (малое жюри)
b)
witnesses
1) statements of …
а) свидетели в поддержку обвинения
2) testimony of …
б) свидетели со стороны защиты
3) expert …
в) свидетели в поддержку обвиняемого
4) … for the plaintiff
г) свидетельские показания
5) defence ….
д) заявления свидетелей
6) … for the defendant
е) эксперты
workers) on the social or personal circumstances of the accused. Sentence must be
pronounced in open court by the presiding judge in the presence of the accused.
17. In the most serious cases sentences are mandatory, the law prescribes the
minimum punishment and it leaves the judge no choice in the matter: for
example, life imprisonment for murder, treason or for two serious offences of
violence. In exceptional cases the judge can reduce even mandatory sentences
(except murder and treason) if he thinks the circumstances of the case justify this,
but he must give a full explanation of his decision. In all other cases sentences are
discretionary: the judge can determine both the kind of a penalty to be imposed
and its extent. Such wide discretionary powers often lead to complaints of
disparity in the sentences passed on different offenders and of arbitrariness in
the decisions of individual judges.
18. Appeals. The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided
by a court of law. The petition is made to a higher court for the purpose of
overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing
can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was
prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is
possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial.
19. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with
it - e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one
witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial
judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not
simply on the judge’s factual interpretations.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите получившиеся
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
110
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