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Файл:Иностранный язык в правоведении. Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие для магистратуры
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JUDICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA. INTRODUCTION.
1. The judicial system in the United States is unique as it is actually made up of
two different court systems: the federal court system and the state court systems.
While each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, neither is
completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact. Furthermore,
solving legal disputes and vindicating legal rights are key goals of both court
systems.
2. Both the federal and state governments need their own court systems to
apply and interpret their laws. Furthermore, both the federal and state constitutions
attempt to do this by specifically spelling out the jurisdiction of their respective
court systems.
3. For example, since the Constitution gives Congress sole authority to make
uniform laws concerning bankruptcies, a state court would lack jurisdiction in this
matter. Likewise, since the Constitution does not give the federal government
authority in most matters concerning the regulation of the family, a federal court
would lack jurisdiction in divorce cases. This is why there are two separate court
systems in America. The federal court system deals with issues of law relating to
those powers expressly or implicitly granted to it by the U.S. Constitution, while
the state court systems deal with issues of law relating to those matters that the
U.S. Constitution did not give to the federal government or explicitly deny to the
states.
4. Thus, in the United States each state is served by 2 separate court systems,
state and federal. Roughly speaking, both systems are organized into three basic
levels of courts — trial courts, intermediate courts of appeal and the highest
court or Supreme Court. The state courts are concerned essentially with cases
arising under state laws, and the federal courts with cases arising under federal
laws.
THE FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM IN THE USA
5. The term “federal court” can actually refer to one of two types of courts.
The first type of courts is what is known as an Article III court. These courts get
their name from the fact that they derive their power from Article III of the
Constitution. These courts include (1) the U.S. District Courts, (2) the U.S.
Circuit Courts of Appeal, and (3) the U.S. Supreme Court. They also include two
special courts: (a) the U.S. Court of Claims and (b) the U.S. Court of
International Trade. These courts are special because, unlike the other courts,
they are not courts of general jurisdiction. Courts of general jurisdiction can hear
almost any case. All judges of Article III courts are appointed by the President of
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the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate and hold office
during good behaviour.
6. The second type of courts also is established by Congress. These courts are
called Article I courts and include (1) magistrate courts, (2) bankruptcy courts,
(3) the U.S. Court of Military Appeals, (4) the U.S. Tax Court, (5) the U.S.
Court of Veterans' Appeals, (6) the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent
Appeals. The judges of these courts are appointed by the President with the advice
and consent of the Senate, but unlike judges of Article III courts they hold office
for a set number of years, usually about 15.
7. As well as the English judicial system, the American system of courts is
pyramidal in its organization.
8.
SUPREME COURT
13 U.S. COURTS OF APPEALS (or Circuit Courts) COURT OF MILITARY APPEALS
COURT OF VETERANS' APPEALS
DISTRICT COURTS TAX COURT
and other quasi-judicial agencies COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
MAGISTRATES’ COURTS
COURT OF CUSTOMS AND PATENT APPEALS
BANCRUPTCY COURTS
COURT OF CLAIMS CUSTOMS COURT
8. The federal court system is responsible for interpreting and applying laws
created by the federal government under the authority of the US Constitution.
Article III of the US Constitution requires the establishment of the Supreme Court
and permits the US Congress to create other federal courts and place limitations on
their jurisdiction.
9. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body, the court of last resort for all
legal cases in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. It meets in
Washington, D.C.
It is mainly an appellate court and hears only federal appeals, which it has chosen
(about 300 cases a year are considered there). Most of the cases involve the
interpretation of the Constitution. It also has the «power of judicial review», i.e.
the right to declare laws and actions of the federal, state, and local governments
unconstitutional. Besides the Court has limited original jurisdiction in cases
involving foreign diplomats and in those, in which a state is a party. In practice,
the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or
more states.
10. It consists of the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices, who serve
«during good behaviour», that is while they obey the law. The Supreme Court sits
en banc (латынь: в полном составе) rather than in smaller panels, and at least six
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of the nine justices must be present to hear a case. Decisions need not be
unanimous, they are based on the will of the majority.
11. The federal Courts of Appeals (or circuit courts) are the intermediate
appellate courts, and must hear all appeals from the district courts within their
federal judicial circuits, and in some cases from other designated federal courts
and administrative agencies. Now there are thirteen judicial circuits with one
court of appeals in each of them. They review decisions of trial courts for errors
of law and their decisions are binding precedents.
An appeal is almost always heard by a panel of three judges who are selected from
the available judges but in some cases all judges decide an appeal.
12. The District Courts are the federal major trial courts. They hear majority of
both civil and criminal cases. There are 94 federal judicial districts with at least
one district court for each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. There is
a US bankruptcy court and a magistrate’s court as units of the district court.
District court cases are heard by a single judge, who must be a resident of the
district in which he or she presides.
13. Special Article III Courts
1. U.S. Court of Claims: this court sits in Washington, D.C., and handles cases
involving suits against the government.
2. U.S. Court of International Trade: this court sits in New York and handles cases
involving tariffs and international trade disputes.
14. Special Courts Created by Congress (or special Article I courts)
1. Magistrates’ courts: judges (called magistrates or justices of the peace) of these
courts handle certain criminal and civil matters, often with the consent of the
parties.
2. Bankruptcy courts: these courts handle cases arising under the Bankruptcy Code.
3. U.S. Court of Military Appeals: this court is the final appellate court for cases
arising under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
4. U.S. Tax Court: this court handles cases arising over alleged tax deficiencies.
5. U.S. Court of Veterans' Appeals: this court handles certain cases arising from
the denial of veterans' benefits.
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VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. The Supreme Court
а) Федеральный суд по вопросам
международной торговли
(Внешнеторговый суд)
2. Federal Courts of Appeals (or circuit
courts)
Налоговый суд
3. District Courts
Федеральный военно-апелляционный
суд
4. U.S. Court of Claims
Федеральные районные суды
(федеральные суды первой инстанции в
США)
5. U.S. Court of International Trade
Верховный суд США
6. Magistrates’ courts
Претензионный суд (суд для
рассмотрения исков к правительству
США)
7. Bankruptcy courts
Федеральный суд США по
рассмотрению жалоб от ветеранов
8. U.S. Court of Military Appeals
Федеральные окружные апелляционные
суды
9. U.S. Tax Court
Мировые (магистратские) суды
10. U.S. Court of Veterans' Appeals
Суд по делам о банкротстве
a)
court(s)
1) …of last resort
а) суды ограниченной юрисдикции
2) …of general
jurisdiction
б) особые суды, образованные на основании
1 статьи Конституции США, созданные в
результате принятия закона Конгрессом
3) …of limited
jurisdiction
в) суды первой инстанции
4) intermediate
appellate…
г) особые суды, образованные на основании
3 статьи Конституции США
5) trial…
д) суды общей юрисдикции
6) special Article III…
е) суд последней (вышей) инстанции
7) legislative Article I…
ж) промежуточные апелляционные суды
b)
court
system(s)
1) federal…
а) независимые судебные системы
2)state …
б) судебная система имеет дело с
(рассматривает) определенными вопросами
3) key goals of…
в) соответствующая судебная система
4) separate…
г) судебные системы отдельных штатов
5) independent…
д) ключевые цели судебной системы
1. Соотнесите названия судов на английском языке с их русскими
эквивалентами:
2. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите получившиеся
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
54
6) …deals with certain
issues
е) отдельные (различные) судебные системы
7) respective…
ж) федеральная судебная система
c)
cases
1) legal …
а) дела, где стороной является один из
штатов
2) civil…
б) дела, касающиеся неуплаты (неполной
уплаты) налогов
3) criminal…
в) дела, касающиеся толкования конституции
4) …involving foreign
diplomats
г) дела, возникающие в результате отказа в
выплатах ветеранам
5) …over suits against
the Government of the
USA
д) гражданские дела
6) …over international
trade disputes
е) дела с участием иностранных дипломатов
7) …in which a state is a
party
ж) судебные дела, юридические прецеденты
8) …involving
interpretation of the
Constitution
з) дела, рассматривающие иски против
правительства США
9)…over tax deficiencies
и) уголовные дела
10)…arising from denial
of veterans’ benefits
к) дела по вопросам внешнеэкономической
торговли
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Подберите подходящий по смыслу ответ из предложенных вариантов
и обоснуйте свой выбор двумя - тремя предложениями. Начните свой
ответ одним из следующих выражений:
a) I quite agree with the statement that _______ because …
b) That’s just what I think … because …
1) The judicial system in the USA is__________
a) quite typical
b) unique
c) not structured
2) Federal and State governments need their own court systems __________
a) to make the system very difficult, not understandable for citizens
b) for citizens to have the right of choice
c) to apply and interpret laws within respective jurisdiction
3) All federal courts are established by (on the basis of) __________
a) the certain Article of the US Constitution
b) US federal laws
c) regulations of the federal government
4) The main function of the Supreme Court is _________
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a) to resolve disputes between individual citizens
Court
jurisdiction
judges
b) to interpret decisions of lowers courts
c) to hear appeals from lower courts
5) Circuit courts are __________
a) appellate courts
b) courts of general jurisdiction
c) courts of last resort
6) Major trial courts at the federal judicial level are __________
a) magistrates’ courts
b) district courts
c) bankruptcy courts
7) Special Article III and Article I courts are called special because they
have__________
a) general jurisdiction
b) limited jurisdiction
c) power of judicial review
2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. Постарайтесь отвечать в опоре на
активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) Why is the US judicial system considered to be unique?
2) What are key goals of both court systems?
3) What is the jurisdiction of the federal court system?
4) What is the jurisdiction of state court systems?
5) Why are federal courts in the USA called Article III or Article I courts?
6) In what way do judges of federal courts get their offices?
7) What is the main difference between judges of Article III courts and
judges of Article I courts?
8) What are main types of activity of the Supreme Court?
9) What kind of judges does the US Supreme Court consist of? In what way
does the Court usually sit?
10) What is the main jurisdiction of federal circuit (appellate) courts?
11) What are decisions of Courts of Appeal like?
12) What are main features of district courts in the USA?
13) Give examples of special US courts together with their respective
jurisdiction.
3. В опоре на схему федеральной судебной системы, которая дана в
тексте 2-ой части раздела и сам текст заполните следующую ниже
таблицу. По данной таблице составьте резюме на тему «Основные
особенности и структура федеральной судебной системы в США»
56
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
the federal court system
the state court systems
Article III Courts
District Courts
Circuit Courts of Appeal
the US Supreme Court
the US Court of Claims
the US Court of International Trade
Article I Courts
magistrates’ courts
bankruptcy courts
the US Court of Military Appeals
the US Court of Veterans’ Appeals
the US Court of Customs and Patent
Appeals
courts of general jurisdiction
special courts (courts of limited
jurisdiction)
intermediate appellate courts
the highest court of appeal
judges
Associate Justices
the Chief Justice
to hold the judicial office for life
to hold the judicial office during good
behavior
to have original jurisdiction
to have appellate jurisdiction
to have the power of judicial review
to interpret laws
to apply laws
to declare laws unconstitutional
to decide issues of law
to decide issues of facts
to handle cases / matters
to hear cases / appeals
PART III
A TYPICAL STATE COURT SYSTEM IN THE USA
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. sufficient similarities – достаточное
количество сходств
2. tiers – уровни
3. probate court – суд по делам о
наследстве
administering the estate of a person –
распоряжение имуществом (часто,
недвижимым)
a decedent – усопший, умерший
the provisions of a will – условия,
положения завещания
to distribute property – распределять
имущество
to die intestate (without a will) – умереть,
не оставив завещания
annulment – решение о признании брака
недействительным
traffic court – суд по делам о нарушений
правил безопасности движения
minor violations of traffic laws –
малозначительные нарушения правил
дорожного движения
Juvenile court – Суд по делам
несовершеннолетних
delinquent children –
несовершеннолетние правонарушители
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small claims courts – суды малых исков
city ordinances – городские
распоряжения, указы, декреты
4. to decides issues of law – принимать
решения по вопросам права
to decides issues of fact – принимать
решения (оценивать) в отношении фактов
5. a judgment – судебное решение
6. discretionary review – право
пересмотра дел по собственному
усмотрению
to accept a case – принимать дело (к
рассмотрению)
7. controversies – споры, разногласия
elections - выборы
reapportionment – перераспределение
9. adjudication – судебное рассмотрение
(вынесение приговора)
treaties – международные договоры
admiralty law – военно-морское право
maritime law – морское право
ambassadors м послы
bankruptcy law – закон о
несостоятельности
patent law – патентное право
copyright law – авторское право
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
A TYPICAL STATE COURT SYSTEM IN THE USA
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE
INTERMEDIATE APPELATE COURT OF THE STATE
(if there is any)
TRIAL COURTS OF GENERAL TRIAL COURTS OF LIMITED JURISDICTION:
JURISDICTION
- PROBATE COURTS
- FAMILY COURTS
- TRAFFIC COURTS
- JUVENILE COURTS
- SMALL CLAIMS COURTS
- MUNICIPAL COURTS and so on
1. The State Court System. Each state has an independent system of courts
operating under the constitution and laws of the state. No two state court systems
are exactly alike, as states are free to structure their judicial systems as they
choose. The names and jurisdiction of courts differ from state to state.
Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities to provide an example of what a
typical state court system looks like.
2. Most state court systems are made up of 3 tiers: (1) two sets of trial courts: (a)
trial courts of limited jurisdiction (probate, family, traffic, etc.) and (b) trial courts
of general jurisdiction (main trial-level courts); (2) intermediate appellate courts
(in many, but not all, states); and (3) the highest appellate courts of states (called
by various names).
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Unlike federal judges, most state court judges are not appointed for life but are
either elected or appointed (or a combination of both) for a certain number of
years.
3. Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction are courts that deal with only specific
types of cases. They are usually presided over by a single judge. Some examples of
trial courts of limited jurisdiction include:
1. Probate courts: these courts handle matters concerning administering the
estate of a person who has died (decedent). It sees that the provisions of a will
are carried out or sees that a decedent’s property is distributed according to the
state law if he/she died intestate (without a will).
2. Family courts: these courts handle matters concerning adoption, annulments,
divorce, alimony, custody, child support, etc.
3. Traffic courts: these courts usually handle minor violations of traffic laws.
4. Juvenile courts: these courts usually handle cases involving delinquent
children under a certain age, for example, 18 or 21.
5. Small claims courts: these courts usually handle suits between private persons
of a relatively low dollar amount, for example, less than $5,000.
6. Municipal courts: these courts usually handle cases involving offenses against
city ordinances.
4. Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction are the main trial courts in the state
system. They hear cases outside the jurisdiction of the trial courts of limited
jurisdiction. These involve both civil and criminal cases. One judge (often sitting
with a jury) usually hears them. In such cases, the judge decides issues of law,
while the jury decides issues of facts.
5. Intermediate Appellate Courts
Many, but not all states have intermediate appellate courts between the trial courts
of general jurisdiction and the highest court in the state. Any party (except in a
case where a defendant in a criminal trial has been found not guilty) who is not
satisfied with the judgment of a state trial court may appeal the matter to an
appropriate intermediate appellate court. These courts usually sit in panels of two
or three judges. In states without an intermediate appellate court, the state Supreme
Court must hear these appeals.
6. Highest State Courts
All states have some sort of the highest court. While they are usually referred to as
supreme courts, some, such as the highest court in Maryland, are known as courts
of appeal. In states with intermediate appellate courts, the highest state courts
usually have discretionary review as to whether to accept a case. In states
without intermediate appellate courts, appeals may usually be taken to the highest
state court as a matter of right.
59
7. In addition, many state supreme courts have original jurisdiction in certain
1. the Highest State Court (the
Supreme Court of the State)
а) суды по семейным делам
2. intermediate appellate courts
б) суды по делам несовершеннолетних
3. trial courts of general jurisdiction
в) суды по делам о наследстве
4. trial courts of limited jurisdiction
г) муниципальные суды (суды первой
инстанции в ряде штатов США)
5. probate courts
д) суды малых исков
6. family courts
е) Верховный (высший) суд штата
7. traffic courts
ж) суды первой инстанции общей юрисдикции
8. juvenile courts
з) промежуточные апелляционные суды
9. small claims courts
и) суды первой инстанции ограниченной
юрисдикции
10. municipal courts
к) суды по делам о нарушении правил
безопасности движения
1) the Highest State Court (the
Supreme Court of the State)
а) handle matters concerning adoption, annulments,
divorce, alimony, custody, child support and other
matrimonial matters
2) intermediate appellate
courts
б) usually handle suits between private persons of a
relatively low dollar amount
matters. For example, the highest courts in several states have original jurisdiction
over controversies regarding elections and the reapportionment of legislative
districts. These courts often sit in panels of three, five, seven, or nine
judges/justices.
8. To sum up everything mentioned above it is worth noting that although the
United States Constitution and federal laws override state laws where there is a
conflict between federal and state laws, state courts are not subordinate to federal
ones. Rather they are two parallel sets of courts with different, often overlapping
jurisdiction.
9. Most crimes and violations of private rights, as well as civil law cases are
matters for state court adjudication. The Constitution limits federal court
jurisdiction to cases involving the Constitution, federal laws, treaties, admiralty
and maritime law, and cases where ambassadors, the federal government, or two
or more states are parties. The federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over
bankruptcy, patent and copyright law.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Соотнесите названия судов на английском языке с их русскими
эквивалентами:
2. Соотнесите названия судов штатов США с их юрисдикцией,
переведите получившиеся предложения на русский язык:
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