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7. No witnesses are called and no fresh evidence is allowed to be produced,
but the barristers may argue their cases. In almost all cases the decision of the
Court of Appeal is final but where a point of law of great public importance is
concerned and it is felt that the law could be clarified on this subject an appeal is
made to the highest court in the land, the Supreme Court.
8. The High Court of Justice (or the High Court) functions both as a civil
court of first instance and as an appellate court. That is why, within each of the
Divisions of the High Court there are Divisional Courts as well that deal with
appeals. A single judge will hear a case at first instance; two or more may be
required to sit in cases over appeals.
9. The High Court is organized in three divisions – Queen’s Bench Division
(with Lord Chief Justice as the presiding judge), Chancery Division (presided by
the Vice-Chancellor) and Family Division (headed by the President).
The Queen’s Bench Division deals with a wide range of issues under commercial
and contract law and under the law of torts.
Among the most important functions of the Chancery Division are matters
covering partnerships, mortgages, trusts, deeds, minors and the partition of
land.
The Family Division deals with all matrimonial matters, disputes and issues
relating to the care and adoption of children.
10. Barristers usually specialize within one of the three divisions. There are
about 80 High Court judges (puisne judges), who are normally Privy Counselors.
They sit in and outside of London and some, mainly Queen’s Bench Division
justices tour on circuits around the country. This practice of going on a circuit
dates back to the twelfth century. The High Court deals with about half a million
civil cases a year, however, just 1% of the cases actually reach trial stage; in other
words, they are “settled out of court”.
Decisions of the High Court may be appealed to the Civil Division of the Court of
Appeal.
11. The Crown Court is the higher court of first instance in serious criminal
cases, which also hears criminal appeals from Magistrates’ Courts, and handles a
number of civil cases both at first instance and on appeal. The court carries out
four principal types of activity: - appeals against decisions of magistrates; -
sentencing of defendants committed from Magistrates’ Courts; - jury trials; and -
sentencing of those, who are convicted in the Crown Court, either after the trial or
on pleading guilty.
12. The Crown Court deals with a wide range of serious criminal cases. This
Court is presided over by a judge, but the decision on guilt or innocence is made
by a jury of twelve citizens. Crown court judges are all qualified, professional and
experienced lawyers chosen for their competence in the law.
41
13. Three different classes of judges sit in the Crown Court: High Court judges
who are normally judges of the Queen’s Bench Division presiding over the trials of
the most serious offences, circuit judges (barristers of at least ten years’
standing), part-time judges known as Recorders (either a barrister or a solicitor
of at least ten years’ standing may be appointed).
14. There are four classes of criminal offences tried by the Crown Court sitting
in principal towns throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Class I cases
must be tried by a High Court judge – for example, the offences of murder and
spying. Class 2 offences will normally be tried by a High Court judge but he may
assign the case to a circuit judge or Recorder – for instance, manslaughter, rape,
incestuous acts, infanticide and acts which cause very serious bodily harm.
Class 3 cases may be tried by any of the three types of judges listed above; the
offences here will include robbery and serious burglary. Finally, Class 4
offences, such as theft, assault causing bodily harm, driving with alcohol over
the prescribed limit will usually be tried by a circuit judge or a Recorder. Class 4
offences are by and large those ones triable either way. Some Crown Courts are
more “senior” than others, depending upon which class of offences they are able to
try.
15. At the proceedings in the Crown Court (also called the Circuit Court),
when the accused pleads 'not guilty', the case will always be heard in the presence
of a jury. If the defendant pleads guilty, then the jury is not required and the judge
will pass the sentence. Unlike magistrates' courts, where proceedings are always
held in open court and may be witnessed by any member of the public, proceedings
in Crown Courts are sometimes closed to the public. This happens, for example,
when a child is giving evidence of sexual abuse or when a witness might be
threatened by someone watching the proceedings.
16. At the bottom of the judicial pyramid, there are such lower courts as County
Courts on the civil side and Magistrates’ Courts on the criminal side.
County Courts administer justice in minor civil cases although some civil cases
are dealt with at magistrates' courts. They are local courts of purely civil
jurisdiction that deal mostly with certain kinds of actions concerning land,
contracts and torts, property and partnerships. They will be permitted to try family
cases only if judges here have been specially trained and approved for that work.
A District Judge or Circuit Judge sitting alone decides most matters. Civil cases
(with some exceptions, e.g. in some actions against the police) do not have juries.
17. Judges in County Courts are either former barristers or solicitors. The
independent Judicial Appointment Commission selects candidates for judges, who
are appointed on behalf of the Monarch. As a common rule, barristers have
monopoly as County Court judges but the Lord Chancellor may appoint a solicitor
of ten-years' standing to be a Recorder or a part-time judge. Like High Court
judges, County judges serve “during good behaviour”, subject to mandatory
42
retirement at the age of 72. The Lord Chancellor may remove a County Judge for
cause.
18. County Courts exist in most towns of a reasonable size. Since 1991 there is
no upper financial limit for actions, although those involving large financial claims
are usually heard in the High Court. Where a claim is for less than £1000 the
district judge (in whose hands there is the administration of the county court) will
arbitrate the matter using the small claims procedure. This is a very informal and
inexpensive procedure, since no costs are awarded to the successful party.
19. The lowest English court is the magistrate’s court. It is the court where all
criminal prosecutions are initiated. Though they hear only minor criminal
offences (including motoring offences), from 95 to 97 % of all criminal cases are
tried there. Besides, these courts have a limited jurisdiction in civil matters relating
to family law as the custody and adoption of children and maintenance orders
(Family Proceedings Court), matters of licensing applications and some others.
20. Magistrates’ courts are presided over by three lay magistrates (Justices of
the Peace) with no formal legal qualifications who are unpaid but trained
volunteers, or by one District Judge. District Judges are barristers or solicitors of 5
years’ general practice. The lay magistrates, though unpaid, receive subsistence
and traveling allowance. You should also keep in mind, that lay magistrates are
assisted by professional legal advisers or Clerks to the Justices, who are
professional lawyers. There can be Deputy District Judges, i.e. practising
solicitors or barristers, who can sit as part-time judges in Magistrates’ and County
Courts. As a common rule, there is no jury in magistrates’ courts.
21. More serious offences are submitted from magistrates’ courts to the Crown
Court for consideration and sentencing. Whether or not a case will be committed to
the Crown Court depends on the nature of the offence.
In England and Wales there are approximately 1000 magistrates’ courts, which are
served by over 25,000 lay magistrates (justices of the peace). There are also about
50 stipendiary justices in London and the metropolitan cities, who are full-time
and paid.
22. There are as well courts of special jurisdiction it the UK. As an example,
Youth Courts (or juvenile courts) are special magistrates’ courts that exercise
jurisdiction over crimes committed by juvenile offenders and other matters
relating to children under 18; or coroners’ courts which investigate violent,
sudden or unnatural deaths.
23. Besides the judicial system is supplemented by numerous administrative
tribunals which are designed to make quick and cheap decisions over certain types
of disputes without any formality. In other words tribunals are aimed to be an
informal, speedy and inexpensive alternative to ordinary courts. They can deal with
a whole range of different issues such as professional standards, individual
employment matters, immigration, social security, taxation, child support and a
great variety of other disputes from different fields.
43
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. The Supreme Court
a) Отделение по семейным делам
(Высокого суда правосудия в
Великобритании)
2. the Criminal Division of the Court of
Appeal
b) Апелляционное присутствие
отделений Высокого суда правосудия
3. the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal
c) Суды по делам несовершеннолетних
правонарушителей
4. the High Court of Justice
d) Суд Короны
5. the Queen’s Bench Division of the High
Court
e) Суды графств
6. the Family Division of the High Court
f) Суд магистратов (мировой суд)
7. the Chancery Division of the High Court
g) Верховный суд
8. Divisional Courts in the Divisions of the
High Court
h) Отделение по гражданским делам
апелляционного суда
9. the Crown Court
i) Отделение королевской скамьи
(Высокого суда правосудия в
Великобритании)
10.County Courts
j) Высокий суд правосудия
11.Magistrates’ Courts
k) Отделение по уголовным делам
апелляционного суда
12.Juvenile (Youth) Courts
l) Канцлерское отделение (Высокого
суда правосудия в Великобритании)
a)
court(s)
1) …of last resort
а) вышестоящие суды
2) …of the first instance
б) промежуточные апелляционные суды
3) …of special
jurisdiction
в) нижестоящие суды
4)the highest appellate…
г) суд последней (высшей) инстанции
5) intermediate
appellate…
д) суды первой инстанции
6) higher (senior)…
е) суды особой юрисдикции
7) lower…
ж) высший апелляционный суд
b)
justice(s)
1) the Lord Chief…
а) судьи апелляционного суда
2) …of the Supreme
Court
б) мировые судьи
3) Lord … of Appeal
в) судьи на условиях полной занятости
4)…of the peace
г) судьи, получающие государственную
зарплату
1. Соотнесите названия судов (или отделений судов) на английском языке
с их русскими эквивалентами:
2. Изучите следующие схемы и соотнесите получившиеся
терминологические выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
44
5) stipendiary…
д) Лорд главный судья
6) full-time…
е) судьи Верховного суда
c)
judge(s)
1) the High Court…
з) рядовые судьи, члены Высокого суда
2) …of the Queen’s
Bench Division
б) окружные судьи, судьи выездной коллегии
3) Crown Court…
в) районные судьи
4) County court…
г) судьи на условиях неполной занятости
5) puisne…
д) судьи судов графств
6) circuit…
е) судьи суда Короны
7) district…
ж) судьи отделения Королевской Скамьи
Высокого суда
8) part-time…
з) судьи Высокого суда (Великобритании)
1. the Supreme Court (2)
a) hears appeals from the High Court and County Courts, and
some superior tribunals
2. the Criminal Division
of the Appeal Court
b) are special magistrates’ courts that exercise jurisdiction
over crimes committed by juvenile offenders
3. the Civil Division of
the Appeal Court
c) deals with matters covering partnerships, mortgages,
trusts, deeds, minors and the partition of land
4. the High Court of
Justice
d) may hear appeals from the Crown Court connected with a
trial on indictment
5. the Queen’s Bench
Division of the High
Court
e) is the court of last resort, highest appellate court in all
matters under English law, Welsh law, Northern Irish law
and Scottish civil law
6. the Family Division of
the High Court
f) are local courts of purely civil jurisdiction
7. the Chancery Division
of the High Court
g) are courts which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural
deaths
8. Divisional Courts of
the High Court
Divisions
h) are aimed to be an informal, speedy and inexpensive
alternative to ordinary courts
9. the Crown Court
i) deals with a wide range of issues under commercial and
contract law and under the law of torts
10. County Courts
J) functions both as a civil court of first instance and as an
appellate court
11. Magistrates’ Courts
k) deals with all matrimonial matters, disputes and issues
relating to the care and adoption of children
12. Juvenile (Youth)
Courts
l) deals with appeals
13. Coroners’ Courts
m) hears appeals on arguable points of law of the greatest
public importance from the Court of Appeal and the High
Court (only in exceptional circumstances)
3. Соотнесите названия судов Великобритании с их юрисдикцией,
переведите получившиеся предложения на русский язык:
45
14. Administrative
Tribunals
n) is the higher court of first instance in serious criminal
cases, which also hears criminal appeals from Magistrates’
Courts, and handles a number of civil cases both at first
instance and on appeal
o) are courts where all criminal prosecutions are initiated,
though they hear only minor criminal offences
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Начните
ответ с одного из следующих выражений:
а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;
б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind”, “Surely
not”;
в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I’m not quite sure
about it”, “That’s hard to say …”
1) The English judicial system is a system of various courts unified within a
single well-structured hierarchy.
2) The highest appellate court in the UK is the Judicial Committee of the House
of Lords.
3) In the middle of the judicial pyramid there are such senior courts as County
Courts and Magistrates’ Courts.
4) The Court of Appeal consists of three divisions.
5) The High Court of Justice can function both as a civil court of first instance
and as an appellate court.
6) The Crown Court can function as an appellate court only.
7) The Crown Court carries out 2 main types of activity: hears appeals against
decisions of Magistrates’ Courts and enters sentences against offenders
convicted in the Crown Court.
8) There 4 classes of criminal offences tried by the Crown Court and
accordingly, there are 4 classes of judges sitting in these cases.
9) In the Crown Court the presence of jury is obligatory in all the cases.
10) County Courts are lower courts that administer justice over the majority of
minor civil cases.
11) In Magistrates’ Courts all minor criminal offences are initiated and tried.
12) Administrative tribunals are designed to make quick and cheap resolutions
of disputes without any formality.
About different categories of judges:
13) Lord Justices of Appeal (Justices of the Court of Appeal) are appointed for
life and are subject to the mandatory retirement at the age of 75.
14) Both the Court of Appeal and the High Court always sit as a bench of judges
(justices).
15) As a rule, solicitors become High Court judges.
16) In the Crown Court both barristers and solicitors can become judges.
46
17) None of judges can be removed from offices ahead of time.
18) A lay person (non-professional) can never become a judge in the UK.
2. Чтобы воспроизвести иерархию судов в Великобритании ответьте
на ряд так называемых “what questions”, т.е. ряд вопросов,
начинающихся с вопросительного слова what (что, какой…):
1) What is the highest court of appeal in the UK?
What kind of cases does this court deal with?
2) What is the structure of the Court of Appeal?
What is jurisdiction of its divisions?
What kinds of justices sit in the Court of Appeal?
In what way do these justices get their offices?
3) What kind of court is the High Court of Justice?
What are the divisions that constitute this court?
What is the jurisdiction of each division of the High Court?
What is the main task of the Divisional courts that are within each of the
division?
What categories of specialists and under what conditions can become
judges of the High Court?
4) What kind of court is the Crown Court?
What types of activity does it carry out?
What are the proceedings like when the accused pleads ‘not guilty’ and
when the accused pleads ‘guilty’?
5) What kinds of courts are county courts?
What kinds of cases do county courts deal with?
What categories of specialists can become judges in county courts?
6) What is the lowest court in the UK?
What kinds of cases does it usually hear?
What categories of civil matters can it try?
What kinds of judges sit in these courts as a rule?
What categories of professionals assist lay magistrates in their work?
7) What are examples of courts of special jurisdiction in the UK?
8) What kinds of institutions are administrative tribunals?
What are they designed for?
What kinds of disputes do they deal with?
47
3. Изучите следующую схему судов в Великобритании, сравните ее с
содержанием текста, найдите и кратко охарактеризуйте суды, которые
не упоминаются в тексте:
*HMCS – Her Majesty’s Courts Service
48
4. В опоре на приведенную выше схему судебной системы и текст 1-ой
Court
jurisdiction
judges
части раздела заполните следующую таблицу. В опоре на данную
таблицу составьте краткое резюме на тему «Основные особенности и
структура судебной системы в Великобритании».
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
the judiciary
the judicial (court) system
the Supreme Court
the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council (in the House of Lords)
the Court of Appeal
Civil and Criminal Divisions
the High Court of Justice
the Queen’s Bench Division
the Chancery Division
the Family Division
Divisional Courts within divisions of
the High Court
the Crown Court
county courts
magistrates’ courts
juvenile (youth) courts
coroners’ courts
administrative tribunals
the Lord Chief Justice
Lord Justices of Appeal
circuit judges
recorders
magistrates (justices of the peace)
clerks to the judge
deputy district judges
full-time judges
part-time judges
puisne judges
lay magistrates
to deal with matters (issues)
to try cases
to deal with cases / offences
to hear appeals
to be presided over by (a single judge)
to sit as a bench
to sit in a panel
the court of last resort
appellate courts
courts of the first instance
senior (higher) courts
lower courts
judges
justices
the Master of the Rolls
49
PART II
JUDICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. to interact – взаимодействовать
to solve legal disputes – разрешать,
урегулировать правовые споры
to vindicate legal rights – защищать
(отстаивать) законные права
key goals – ключевые цели
2. to apply laws – применять законы
respective – соответствующий
3. sole authority – исключительная власть
to lack jurisdiction – отсутствовать, не
иметь (о юрисдикции)
a divorce case – бракоразводное дело
expressly or implicitly – прямо или
косвенно (опосредованно)
to grant powers – предоставлять
полномочия
4. trial courts – суды первой инстанции
5. to refer to – относить (-ся)
to derive the power – получить власть
(полномочие)
District Courts – районные суды
(федеральные суды первой инстанции в
США)
Circuit Courts of Appeal – окружные
апелляционные суды
Court of Claims – Претензионный суд
(суд для рассмотрения исков против
правительства)
Court of International Trade –
Федеральный суд по вопросам
международной торговли
(Внешнеторговый суд)
courts of general jurisdiction – суды
общей юрисдикции
with the advice and consent of the
Senate – по рекомендации и с согласия
Сената
to hold office during good behaviour –
занимать должность при должном
исполнении обязанностей
6. bankruptcy courts – суд по делам о
банкротстве
the U.S. Court of Military Appeals –
Федеральный военно-апелляционный суд
the U.S. Tax Court – Налоговый суд
the U.S. Court of Veterans' Appeals –
Федеральный суд США по рассмотрению
жалоб от ветеранов
the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent
Appeals – федеральный апелляционный
суд США по таможенным и патентным
делам
9. power of judicial review –
1) полномочие судебного надзора,
2) право пересмотра законов на предмет
их конституционности
to declare laws unconstitutional –
признавать, объявлять законы
несоответствующими конституции
courts with limited original jurisdiction –
суды ограниченной юрисдикции
a party – сторона (дела)
10. the Chief Justice – «главный судья»,
глава, председатель Верховного суда
США
Associate Justices – члены Верховного
суда США (рядовые судьи)
to obey laws – подчиняться законам
a panel of judges – коллегия судей
unanimous - единогласный
11. federal judicial circuits – федеральные
судебные округа
designated courts – (особо)
установленные суды
to review decisions – пересматривать
решения
errors - ошибки
binding precedents – прецеденты,
имеющие обязательную силу
12. to decide claims – рассматривать,
урегулировать претензии
a resident – постоянный житель
13. suits against the government – иски
против правительства
tariffs – 1) тарифы, пошлины, 2) условия
торговли
14. with the consent of the parties – с
согласия сторон
Uniform Code of Military Justice –
Унифицированный военный кодекс
(собрание законов, регулирующих
деятельность, права и обязанности
военнослужащих Вооруженных Сил
США)
to allege tax deficiencies – заявлять о
недолжной оплате (недоплате) налогов
the denial of veterans' benefits – отказ
ветеранам в выплатах
50
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